Medical English – Từ điển Y khoa chuyên ngành

1000 từ tiếng anh chuyên ngành Y khoa – 1000 Medical English Vocabulary

-LYSIS: tiêu, tan, ly, gỉai.

• Analysis: phân tích.
• Catalysis: xúc tác.
• Electrolysis: điện phân.
• Hydrolysis: thuỷ phân.
• Ureterolysis: giải phóng niệu quản.
• Adhesionolysis: gỡ dính ruột.
• Psychoanalysis: phân tâm học. (CIA)
• Hemolysis: tan máu, tán huyết.
• Hemodialysis: chạy thận nhân tạo.

-OSTOMY: mở 1 lỗ ra ngoài.

• Gastrostomy: mở dạ dày ra da.
• Cystostomy: mở bàng quang ra da.
• Tracheostomy: mở khí quản ra da.(video)
• Ureterostomy: mở niệu quản ra da.
• Nephrostomy: mở thận ra da.
• Colostomy: làm hậu môn nhân tạo.
• Jejunostomy: mở hổng tràng ra da.
• Ileostomy: mở hổng tràng ra da.
• Cecostomy: mở manh tràng ra da.

– OTOMY: Cắt vào một cơ quan.

• Cystolithotomy: Cắt mở BQ lấy sỏi. (cysto : BQ, litho : sỏi, tomy : lấy vào)
• Choledocholithotomy: cắt mở OMC lấy sỏi.
• Craniotomy: mở nắp sọ.
• Tenotomy: cắt gân.
• Arthrotomy: cắt một lỗ vào khớp (để soi).
• Ureterolithotomy: cắt mở niệu quản lấy sỏi.
• Nephrolithotomy: cắt vào chủ mô thận lấy sỏi.
• Pyelolithotomy: cắt mở bồn thận lấy sỏi.
• Glossotomy: cắt lưỡi ai.

-ECTOMY: cắt bỏ (mô, cơ quan).

• Gastrectomy: cắt dạ dày.
• Colectomy: cắt đại tràng.
• Appendectomy: cắt ruột thừa.
• Nephrectomy: cắt bỏ thận. (cật)
• Cystectomy: cắt bỏ BQ, cắt nang. (lấy ruột thay BQ)
• Hysterectomy: cắt bỏ tử cung. (dồi trường: tử cung + tai vòi)
• Salpingectomy: cắt bỏ tai vòi. (cố gắng giữ buồng trứng)
• Orchidectomy: cắt bỏ tinh hoàn. (orchidle: tinh hoàn)
• Glossectomy: cắt  bỏ lưỡi.

INTER-: gian, giữa

• Interaction: tác động qua lại.
• Intercellular: gian bào.
• International: quốc tế.

Mono-: một, đơn.

• Monomolecular: một phân tử.
• Mononuclear: đơn nhân.
• Monovalent: hoá trị 1.
• Monoxide: 1 nguyên tử oxy.

Poly-: nhiều.

• Polyatomic: nhiều nguyên tử.
• Polybasic: nhiều pha.
• Polyclinic: đa khoa.( general hospital) (Polytechnics)
• Polymicrobial: Đa vi trùng.(VPM)

Sub-: dưới, nhỏ hơn, gần sát.

• Subacute: bán cấp.
• Subconscious: lơ mơ.
• Subdura: dưới màng cứng.
• Subphrenic: dưới cơ hoành.( có 2 cơ hoành: cơ hoành chia ngực bụng, cơ hoành niệu dục)
• Submarine: dưới biển.
• Submucus: dưới niêm.
• Sublingual: dưới lưỡi.(bilingual: 2 thứ tiếng)

Tri-: ba.

• Triangle: tam giác. (pentagon: ngũ giác đài (lầu 5 góc))
• Trihydrate: 3 nước (H2O).
• Trihydric: 3 Hydro.
• Trimester: tam cá nguyệt.
• Tripeptide: 3 amino acids.(KN acid amin, polypeptit)

CYTO-: tế bào.

• – Cytology: tế bào học.
• – Cytolysis: tiêu tế bào(theo chương trình) apotosis: chết theo chương trình.
• – Endocytosis: nội thực bào.
• – Leukocyte: bạch cầu.
• – Thrombocyte: tiểu cầu.
• – lymphocyte: tân cầu.

 NEO-: mới.(future-neo)

• – Neoplasia: tân sinh. (nhưng trong giới hạn cho phép)
• – Neonatal: trẻ mới sinh. (<1 tháng)
• Infant: nhũ nhi <24 months

 ONCO-: ung thư, bướu, khối u

• – Oncocyte: tế bào ung thư.
• – Oncogene: sinh ung.
• – Oncology: khoa ung bướu.

 PRE-: tiền, trước.

• – Preclinical: tiền lâm sàng. (trước khi symtoms biểu hiện bên ngoài)
• – Preinvasive: tiền xâm lấn(ung thư trên màng đáy).- Premature: non, yểu, sớm. (<34 tuần còn có thế sống, <32 tuần sinh non)

4 giai đoạn ung thư : infiltration(thâm nhiễm, xâm lấn(vượt qua màng đáy), invasion(vượt khỏi co quan đó qua cơ quan kế bên), metastasis(đi xa, meta-chuyển đi(theo máu, bach huyết)), seeding

 PROTO-: trứơc, đầu tiên. (protein: chất đầu tiên sự sống)

• – Protoplasm: nguyên sinh chất.
• – protozoon: nguyên sinh động vật.(cơ thể nó chỉ một tế bào)

AB-: có nguồn gốc từ, mất, không có

• Abnormal: không bình thường.
• Abscess: hình thành mủ trong 1 hốc
• Abuse: lạm dụng, misuse: tiếm dụng(chiếm dụng)

BI-: hai

• Bicellular: 2 tế bào.
• B.I.D: hai lần mỗi ngày (bis in die). P.O(par os)
• Bilaminar: hai lá.(-lam: lá mỏng(lưỡi lam))
• Bilateral: hai bên.
• Bimanual: hai tay.(la main: bàn tay-pháp)
• Bipolar: hai cực.
• Bivalent: hoá trị hai.
• Bilingual: biết 2 ngoại ngữ.

BLASTO: nguyên bào.(tế bào đầu tiên sinh ra tế bào khác)

• Fibroblastoma: u nguyên bào sợi.
• Chondroblastoma: u nguyên bào sụn.
• (côteletle: sườn non)

EPI: trên, ngoài, toàn thể.

• Epidemic: toàn dịch, đại dịch.
• Epidemiology: dịch tể học.
• Epicardium: thượng tâm mạc.
• Epithelium: biểu mô.
• Epigastric: thượng vị.
• Epidermis: thượng bì.

EXTRA: ngoài,

• Extracellular: ngoại bào.
• Extraocular: ngoại nhãn cầu.
• Extraordinary: phi thường.

HISTO-, HISTIO: tổ chức.

• Histology: tổ chức học.

LEUKO: trắng.

• Leukemia: bệnh bạch cầu.
• Leukocyte: bạch cầu.
• Leukocytosis: tăng bạch cầu trong máu.

MACRO: to, lớn, đạ

• Macroblast: đại nguyên bào.
• Macrophage: đại thực bào.
• Macroscopy: đại thể.

MULTI: nhiều.

• Multicellular: đa bào.
• Multilayered: gồm nhiều lớp.
• Multisystem: đa hệ.

PSEUDO: giả.

• Pseudomembrane: giả mạc.
• Pseudotumor: giả bướu.
• Pseudonym: tên giả.
• Pseudoreaction: phản ứng giả

Trichologist

UNI: một.

• Uniaxial: đơn trục.
• Unicellular: đơn bào.
• Uniglandular: đơn tuyến.
• Unipolar: đơn cực.

CORN: sừng, (horn)

• Cornification: sừng hoá.
• Stratum cornium: lớp sừng.

CUTI: da

• Cutaneous: da.
• Subcutaneous: dưới da.

DERMO, DERMATO: da.

• Dermabrasion: bào da.
• Dermatitis: viêm da.
• Dermatologist: bác sĩ chuyên khoa da liễu.
• Dermatome: máy bào da (để ghép).
• Mesoderm:trung bì.

HIDRO: mồ hô(hydro- nước)

• Bromhidrosis: mồ hôi có mùi hôi.

-ITIS: Viêm. (inflamation: flame:lửa, in-:bắt nó bị như thế,)

• Gastritis: viêm dạ dày.
• Rhinitis: viêmmũi.
• Otitis: viêm tai.

KERATO: sừng,

• Keratin: chất sừng.
• Keratinization: sừng hoá.
• Keratoid: giống như sừng.(-oid: trông giống như, android: như đàn ông)

MELANO: đen.

• Melanin: hắc tố.(-in: tố, chất)
• Melanocyte: hắc bào.
• Melanoma: u hắc bào (nốt ruồi).(hemangima: nốt ruồi xoan)

MYCO: nấm.

• Antimycosis: chống nấm.
• Mycodermatitis: viêm da do nấm.

ONYCHO: móng.

• Onychia: viêm giường móng gây rụng móng.( tip – root –bed)
• Leukonychia: móng trắng một cách bất thường.

-OSIS: bệnh toàn thân.

• Tuberculosis: bệnh lao.(bệnh củ) (BK or )
• Carcinomatosis: ung thư biểu mô đã di căn.
• Scoliosis: vẹo cột sống.
• Kyphosis: gù.
• Mycosis: nhiễm nấm.
• Leucocytosis: tăng bạch cầu trong máu.

SEBUM: bã.

• Sebaceous: bã.(ở lớp thượng bì có cái này)(thường ở mông thành ngực nách( cứng, ở trong như bột phấn) (kyste sébacé)
• Seborrhea: tiết nhiều bã, mồi hôi dầu.( khi tắt lại thành sebum, viêm thì thành mụn bọc(acne))

SUDOR: mồ hô

• Sudomotor: kích thích tuyến mồ hôi.
• Sudoriferous: tiết mồ hô

 TRICHO: tóc. (học kỹ bài skin)

• Trichology: môn học nghiên cứu tóc.
• Trichomycosis: nấm tóc.
• Trichoscopy: soi tóc.(soi dưới kính hiển vi)
• Da gồm: da thật và phần phụ của da(tóc, lông)

-MALACIA: nhuyễn, xốp mô.

Chondromalacia: xốp và thoáibiến sụn.

Osteomalacia: xốp xương.

-OID: trông giống như.

• Dermoid: giống như bì.
• Sesamoid: giống hạt mè.(sí sa mon)

OS: xương.

• Ossicle: xương con, xương bé.(cánh tay gồm: tay ngoài , tai giữa, tay con)( búa, đe, bàn đạp)
• Ossification: hoá cốt.( tạo xương)
• Ossiferous: tạo xương.

OSTEO: xương.(os ti ô)

• Osteitis: viêm xương.
• Osteoblast: nguyên bào xương.
• Osteoclast: huỷ cốt bào.
• Osteocyte: té bào xương.
• Osteoporosis: loãng xương.
• Osteosarcoma: ung thư xương.(ostio sẹc con)(phải tháo khớp) ko bao giờ có carcinoma vì carcinoma là có ở biểu mô

PHYSIS: phần xương ống đang tăng trưởng:

• Diaphysis: thân xương dài.(coi lại xương)
• Epiphysis: đầu xương dài.

Metaphysis:

Diarrhea: tiêu chảy

CERVICO: cổ.

• Cervical: thuộc về cổ.
• Cervical cancer: ung thư cổ tử cung.(do virus HPV)
• Cervical vertebrae: đốt sống cổ.
• Cervicitis: viêm cổ tử cung.

COSTO: sườn.

• Costal cartilage: sụn sườn.
• Intercostal: gian sườn.
• Costochondritis: viêm sụn sườn.
• Costoclavicular: sườn đòn.
• Subcostal: dưới sườn.

LUMBO: thắt lưng.

• Lumbago: đau lưng.
• Lumbar puncture: chọc dò tuỷ sống.(xem video)
• Lumbosacral: thắt lưng-cùng.(sacral: thiên liêng)

PARA: cận, kề, kế bên.

• Paralysis: liệt.
• Paranasal sinuses: xoang cạnh mũi.
• Parasternum: cạnh xương ức.
• Parathyroid: tuyến cận giáp.( cường nó thì calci máu nhiều=> thận đầy sỏi)

SPONDYLO: đốt sống,cột sống.

• Spondylitis: viêm đốt sống.( xem video)
• Spondymalacia: xốpđốt sống.
• Spondylo-ankylosis: viêm dày dính đốt sống.

BRACHI: cánh tay.

• Brachial: thuộc cánh tay.
• Brachialgia: đau cánh tay.
• Brachiocephalic: tay đầu.

DACTYLO: ngón tay.

• Dactylitis: viêm ngón tay.
• Dactylography: nghiên cứu vân tay.
• Dactylomegaly: ngón tay quá to.

DESIS: đính, làm cho dính lạ(biocement: xi măng sinh học)

• Arthrodesis: phẫu thuật làm cứng khớp.
• Spondylidesis: phẫu thuật làm cứng cột sống.

MELO: chi

• Melalgia: đau chi.
• Melisalgia: đau chidưới.
• Polymelus: người có nhiều chi phụ.

ORTHO: làm cho thẳng.

• Orthodontics: chỉnh hình răng.
• Orthopedics: chuyên khoa chấn thương chỉnh hình.

PECTUS: ngực.

• Angina pectoris: đau thắt ngực.
• Pectoral muscles: cơ ngực.

-PLASTY: tạo hình.

• Arthroplasty: tạo hình khớp.
• Dermatoplasty: tạo hình da.
• Laboplasty: tạo hình môi.
• Mammoplasty: tạo hình vú.
• Nasoplasty: tạo hình mũi.(lấy xương cánh chậu)
• Colpoplasty: tạo hình âm đạo
• Osteoplasty: tạo hình xương.

ARTHRO: khớp.

• Amphiarthrosis: khớp ít cử động.
• Arthritis: viêmkhớp.
• Arthrology: khớp học.
• Arthroscopy: nội soi khớp.
• Arthrosynovitis: viêm khớp-viêm bao hoạt dịch.
• Diarthrosis: khớp cử động tự do.
• Synarthrosis: khớp bất động.

CHONDRO: sụn.

• Endochondral: nội sụn.
• Chodrification: sụn hoá.
• Chodroblast: nguyên bào sụn.
• Chondrocostal: sụn sườn.
• Chodroid: giống như sụn.

DESMO: dải, dây chằng, dải băng.

• Desmitis: viêm dây chằng.
• Desmocyte: tế bào sợi.
• Desmoplasia: hình thành và phát triển mô sợi.

SYN: hợp nhất, liên kết.

• Synovia (ovia: egg): hoạt dịch (giống như lòng trắng trứng).(sin ố đi a)(phạm khớp khi thấy có hoạt dịch chảy ra..lúc đó phẩu thuật phải vô trùng tuyệt đối, kháng sinh mạnh)
• Synthesis: tổng hợp.

A-, AN: không có.

• Achromia: không màu, vô sắc.(ơ khố mi a)(màu là màu sắc là sắc, có sắc là có sắt)
• Anacidity: vô toan (không có acid).
• Anion: ion âm.
• Aplasia: vô sản.

ASTHENO: yếu.

• Asthenia: suy nhược.
• Myasthenia: nhược cơ.

DYS: xấu, khó khăn, rối loạn.

• Dyschromia: rối loạn màu sắc da, tóc( fe sắt = sắc)
• Dysfunction: loạn chức năng.
• Dysplasia: loạn sản.
• Dystonia: mất trương lực cơ.
• Dystrophy: loạn dưỡng.(trophy: nuôi, dưỡng) nếu không có Oxi,chất dinh dưỡng

LEIO: cơ trơn:

• Leiomyofibroma: u lành sợi cơ trơn.
• Leiomyoma: u cơ trơn.
• Leiomyosarcoma: ung thư cơ trơn.(ở ống tuyến, tb đáy mới có carcinoma vì biểu mô)

RHABDO: que, hình que.

• Rhabdoid: giống hình que.
• Rhabdomyoblastoma: u nguyên bào cơ vân.
• Rhabdovirus: virus có hình viên đạn.

Fusiform(hình thoi)

1	abdominals	the muscles located in the abdomen.	The abdominals, which are located between the ribs and the pelvis, support upper body, facilitate movement and hold organs in place.
2	abortion	the procedure of terminating a pregnancy.	As the doctor had said that the pregnancy was dangerous for the mother, she decided to have an abortion.
3	abrasion	an area of skin damaged by scratching or scraping.	The abrasion on her arm soon healed after it was cleaned and covered with a light bandage.
4	abscess	a swollen area containing puss.	If the abscess ruptures, and the infection seems to clear up in a couple of days, your body should heal on its own.
5	absorb	to take in or be received by chemical interaction.	The cream is absorbed directly into the skin.
6	accident & emergency department (A&E)	a department which treats patients with serious illnesses or injuries, especially life-threatening ones.	She was taken to accident and emergency department on suspicion of appendicitis.
7	accommodate	to have consideration for.	The hospital banned peanuts in order to accommodate people with allergies.
8	ache	a pain or feeling of discomfort, usually one that is steady and long lasting.	The side effects of the medication may include stomach aches or hair loss.
9	acidosis	the condition of having too much acid in body fluids or tissue.	Lactic acidosis occurs when there is too much lactic acid in your body.
10	acne	a skin condition common in adolescents resulting in red pimples especially on the face.	There are many creams available to treat acne.
11	acoumeter	a device used for measuring hearing.	The results of the acoumeter test will be available in 3 hours.
12	acoustic neuroma	an abnormal growth in the ear. vestibular schwannoma OR acoustic neurilemoma OR acoustic neurinoma	An acoustic neuroma can often affect balance and hearing.
13	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	a severe immunological disorder caused by the retrovirus HIV.	AIDS is commonly spread through sexual contact or sharing a needle with an infected person.
14	active ingredient	the chemically active part of a drug.	Benadryl’s active ingredient is diphenhydramine.
15	acute	sharp or severe in effect; intense.	She was in acute pain when the doctor arrived.  (an acute disease)
16	adenoids	enlarged tissue at the back of the nose.	Enlarged adenoids can cause a variety of problems connected to the ears, nose and throat.
17	adhesion	the atypical sticking of surfaces due to infection or inflammation.	Doctors typically diagnose adhesion during a surgical procedure such as laparoscopy.
18	ADME	the four stages a drug goes through when administered: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion.	Before being approved for use, new drugs must be studied according to ADME.
19	administer	to apply, or give as a remedy.	The paramedic administered basic first aid, but it wasn’t enough to save the patient.
20	administrator	a person whose job involves managing an organization or institution.	John was appointed the hospital administrator after Mr Richards had stepped down from the position.
21	admission	the act of being received into a place e.g. hospital.	After the patient’s admission, he was taken to the operating room.
22	adrenal glands	a pair of organs located above the kidney which produce a variety of hormones and steroids including aldosterone and cortisol.	Overproduction of cortisol in the adrenal glands can lead to Cushing’s syndrome.
23	adrenaline	a hormone which increases blood circulation and breathing.	Adrenaline is produced when people are in dangerous situations.
24	adrenalitis	the state of inflammation of the adrenal glands.	Autoimmune adrenalitis is the most common cause of Addison’s disease.
25	adrenopathy	a swelling of the adrenal glands.	Adrenopathy may indicate a cancerous presence.
26	adverse	having negative effects.	A lot of medications can have adverse side effects.
27	aerosol	a form of medication which is sprayed and can be inhaled.	The asthma medication was administered by aerosol.
28	afferent	moving in a central direction.	Neurons which receive information from our sensory organs and convey this information to the central nervous system are called afferent neurons.
29	afterbirth (Placental expulsion)	all fluids providing nutrition for an unborn baby which are expelled after the birth.	The placenta is delivered as part of the afterbirth with a small gush of blood.
30	ailment	a minor illness.	He complains of many unusual sounding ailments, but we can find no evidence of any problem.
31	airway	tube by which air can pass into the lungs.	First responders are taught to check patients for a blocked airway.
32	albatross	a chronically ill patient who will remain in hospital until they die.	We try to provide comfort to the albatrosses, even though we cannot cure them.
33	albino	deficient in pigment, white.	Both of his parents were albino, so it was little surprise when he was born with the same condition.
34	allergy	an intolerance or oversensitivity to a substance that results in a reaction.	She has a severe peanut allergy resulting in hives, redness, and swelling.
35	alopecia	loss of hair in the top of the head due to genetics and/or hormones.	There are several treatments for alopecia including pills and lotions.
36	Alzheimer’s disease	a condition causing mental confusion.	Memory loss is one of the early indicators of Alzheimer’s disease.
37	amenorrhea	having no menstrual period.	She didn’t realize she was pregnant because she has amenorrhea.
38	amniochorial	relating to the tissues around an unborn baby.	Some medications can have negative effects on the integrity of the amniochorial membrane.
39	amnion	a membrane covering an embryo when first formed.	The unborn baby is surrounded by the amnion which protects it.
40	amniorrhexis	a breakage or rupture of the amnion.	Amniorrhexis is more commonly known as “breaking water” and is a sign that birth is imminent.
41	amniotic fluid	liquids surrounding the unborn baby.	Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract.
42	amniotic sac	a mass of tissue around the unborn baby.	Rupturing of the amniotic sac usually occurs at the moment of entering labor.
43	analgesic	a drug such as aspirin used as a pain killer.	When the patient complained of pain, the nurse gave him paracetamol as an oral analgesic.
44	anemia	a pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carrying component of the blood.	Blood loss or iron deficiency are common causes of anemia.
45	anesthesiologist	a physician specialized in the practice of administering drugs that cause insensibility to pain.	Before surgery, an anesthesiologist will administer propofol.
46	anesthetic	a substance which causes lack of awareness or feeling, thus permitting surgery or other painful procedures.	Before we begin, you will be administered a local anesthetic.
47	angina pectoris	severe chest pain caused by an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen.	She was admitted into hospital with angina pectoris.
48	angiography	the repair of a blood vessel by stitching.	Angiography was used to stop the leakage of the blood vessel.
49	angioma	an abnormal growth produced by the formation of new blood vessels.	Angiomas are benign growths which are normally harmless.
50	angioplasty	surgical repair to widen a blood vessel.	As angioplasties are such common procedures, the risk of complications is minimal.
51	ankylosis	abnormal stiffening of a joint.	Walking became more painful as the ankylosis in his knee developed further.
52	annual blood test	a test performed every year in which a small sample of blood is taken and examined to check blood content and look for signs of any disease or disorder.	Under your health insurance you can have annual blood tests done free of charge.
53	anorexia	an eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a normal minimal body weight, fear of gaining weight.	Many people worry that the pressure on teenage girls to look like models causes anorexia.
54	anoxia	having no oxygen.	Anoxia can have long-lasting effects on the patient such as brain damage.
55	antacid	a drug used to treat heartburn or indigestion.	Many people take antacid to soothe their stomachs after eating spicy or fatty food.
56	anterior	of or connected to the front of the body.	The infection was restricted to the anterior of the eye.
57	antianginal	medication used to alleviate chest pain.	The doctor prescribed an antianginal to manage his heart disease.
58	antibiotics	a drug which prevents or hinders the growth of germs.	Patients need to finish the complete course of antibiotics, or else they risk the infection coming back stronger.
59	antibodies	proteins in the body which protect from foreign matter.	In a healthy immune system, antibodies attack antigens by binding to them.
60	anticoagulants	medication used to prevent blood clotting.	Anticoagulants are used to prevent life-threatening blood clots.
61	anticonvulsants	medication used to prevent seizures.	Anticonvulsants can be effective in the management of epilepsy seizures.
62	antidiarrheal	medication used to prevent diarrhea.	There are several over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications available.
63	antidote	substances which can counteract forms of poisoning.	When traveling through snake-infested territories, he always makes sure that he has a few doses of antidote with him.
64	antiemetic	medication to stop vomiting or nausea.	The woman was given an antiemetic to stop the vomiting caused by her cancer treatment.
65	antihistamine	medication used to stop an allergic reaction.	Hay fever sufferers rely heavily on antihistamine pills during the spring and summer.
66	antipruritic	medication to stop itchiness.	Most skin creams for eczema contain a mild antipruritic to help ease symptoms.
67	antiseptic	a substance which prevents or hinders the growth of germs.	Always use an antiseptic spray to disinfect a wound before applying a plaster.
68	antrum	the lower section of the stomach.	Unlike the rest of the stomach, the antrum does not produce acid.
69	anuria	the state of urine not being produced.	The treatment for anuria depends on its cause, such as diabetes or kidney stones.
70	anxiety	a state of apprehension, uncertainty, and fear resulting from the anticipation of a realistic or fantasized threatening event or situation.	John had suffered from anxiety for several years before he sought treatment.
71	aorta	the largest artery in the body.	The aorta is divided into five segments.
72	aortic stenosis	a constriction of the aorta as it leaves the heart.	Aortic stenosis can cause chest pain, fainting, and heart failure leading to shortness of breath.
73	apepsia	without digestion.	Seeing that the patient was suffering with apepsia, the doctor ordered blood tests to determine the cause.
74	aphagia	the state of being unable to swallow.	Even partial blockages in the throat can result in aphagia.
75	aphasia	the state of not being able to understand or produce language.	A large percentage of stroke survivors experience aphasia.
76	appendectomy	an operation to remove the appendix.	As he was suffering from an appendicitis, he was scheduled for an appendectomy the following day.
77	appendicitis	the inflammation of the appendix.	He was diagnosed with appendicitis and rushed to the hospital.
78	appointment	an arrangement to see a doctor at a specific date and time.	As Claire was feeling very weak and had a high temperature, she phoned to make an appointment with her GP.
79	apprise	to provide or give information, to inform.	Please apprise me of the patients’ condition if it changes.
80	appy	an appendicitis, or an appendix.	He presented complaining of an appy.
81	areola	the circular pigmented area surrounding the nipple.	The areola secretes oil to lubricate the nipple.
82	arrhythmia	an irregular heartbeat.	A heart arrhythmia can come from many reasons including something as simple as drinking too much coffee.
83	arteriogram	an x-ray when a dye is used to show arteries.	The arteriogram showed a blockage in one of the arteries.
84	arterioles	a branch of an artery leading into a capillary.	Arterioles constrict and dilate to regulate blood flow.
85	artery	a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.	The passenger bled to death as the windshield had cut an artery and paramedics couldn’t stop the bleeding.
86	arthritis	inflammation of the joints.	Arthritis is more common among the elderly than younger people.
87	arthrocentesis	the removal of fluid from a joint by using a needle.	The attending doctor suspected gout so he ordered arthrocentesis of the knee.
88	arthrogram	an x-ray of a joint.	As the surgeon was concerned, he ordered an arthrogram of the knee.
89	arthroplasty	an operation to repair a joint.	The arthroplasty on his wrist was completely successful.
90	ascertain	to verify or confirm something.	We will be running several tests to ascertain whether you have asthma or not.
91	ascites	the accumulation of fluid in the stomach.	Diuretics were used to treat the ascites in her abdomen.
92	Asperger’s syndrome	a disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and restricted patterns of behavior and interests.	The exact cause of Asperger’s is unknown and there is no approved medication for it.
93	aspermia	the state of having no sperm.	He was infertile due to having aspermia.
94	asphyxia	suffocation, the deprival of oxygen.	The medical examiner concluded that he had died from asphyxia.
95	aspirate	to draw in by suction.	Aspirate the suspension using a 5ml syringe.
96	assess risk	to make a judgment about how much uncertainty and danger a particular course of action involves.	The financial director didn’t assess risk correctly and as a result the company lost $100,000.
97	assessment	a judgment of a situation.	An EMT must remain calm in order to provide an accurate assessment.
98	assist	to help, to give aid to.	Could you assist me in restraining the patient?
99	asthma	a disorder which causes difficulty in breathing.	A lot of children grow out of asthma as they mature.
100	asylum	an institution for the care of people, especially those with physical or mental impairments, who require organized supervision or assistance.	Nowadays, people usually say ‘psychiatric hospital’ instead of ‘asylum’ as it sounds better.
101	ataxia	the loss of full control of bodily movements.	Ataxia is one of the more visible signs of Parkinson’s disease.
102	atraumatic	not causing damage to the tissue.	New atraumatic dental surgery techniques are becoming more popular.
103	atrophy	the degeneration of cells causing decrease in size.	Muscle atrophy is a major problem for immobile patients
104	attention deficit hyperactivy disorder	the common term for an illness characterized by lack of focus and impulsive behavior.	ADHD is often harder to diagnose in girls because the symptoms can be more subtle.
105	audiogram	a graphic record of a hearing test.	The audiogram showed that hearing problems were present in both ears.
106	audiologist	a doctor specialized in hearing.	An audiologist does not undergo full medical training.
107	aural	related to the ear or the sense of hearing.	Certain aural drops have severe side-effects including rash, itching, and dizziness.
108	auscultation	listening to sounds inside the body using a stethoscope.	Auscultation is a common practice in diagnosing breathing problems.
109	autism	abnormal self-absorption, usually affecting children, characterized by a lack of response to people and actions and limited ability to communicate.	The film ‘Rainman’ did a lot to educate people on the effects of autism.
110	autoimmune disease	a condition in which the immune system attacks the body.	There are currently over 80 known types of autoimmune disease.
111	automated external defibrillator	portable electronic device that automatically diagnoses cardiac arrhythmia in a patient, and is able to treat them through defibrillation.	When the patient was hooked up to the AED it showed an arrhythmia and administered a small shock to correct it.
112	backbone	the row of small bones which run down the body.	As John was feeling tense, he had a massage of the muscles on sides of the backbone, which was very relaxing.
113	background	the type of training or education that one has had.	Currently we are looking for specialists with a background in oncology.
114	bacterial	descriptive of certain microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments.	Bacterial infections should be treated with antibiotics.
115	bacterium	any member of microorganisms typically a few micrometres in length and shaped like spheres, rods, or spirals.	Most hospitals have anti-bacterial gel for visitors to use to wash their hands.
116	balanitis	inflammation of the penis.	He was prescribed antibiotics to treat the balanitis.
117	bandage	a long piece of cloth which is wrapped around an injured body part.	I need to wrap the bandage around my ankle, as I suspect I have sprained it.
118	barbiturates	substances derived from an organic compound that are used as sedatives and sleep inducers.	Patients taking barbiturates need to be careful not to become addicted.
119	basal cell carcinoma	a type of skin cancer often appearing as a  transparent bump on the skin.	Nowadays most people are aware that sunbathing is a leading cause of basal cell carcinoma.
120	bathe	to clean, wash.	All patients need to be bathed once per day.
121	bedridden	confined to bed because of illness or injury.	Mr Jones was bedridden for two weeks after the operation.
122	bedside manner	the attitude, approach and conduct of a medical professional in the company of a patient.	Even though he was technically a very good doctor, his bedside manner was poor so his patients disliked him.
123	bedsores	a sore or rash developed by the pressure of lying in the same place for an extended period.	Bedsores are a real problem for coma patients.
124	benign	non-cancerous, self-limiting.	Benign tumors do not spread through the body.
125	beta blockers	medication used to slow the heart.	She took beta blockers after her first heart attack to reduce the risk of a second one.
126	bicep	the muscle at the front of the upper arm used to pull things towards you.	The man pulled his shirt sleeve up, revealing a colorful tattoo on his bicep.
127	bilateral	connected to both sides of the body.	He suffered bilateral ankle fractures as a result of his landing awkwardly after the jump.
128	bile	a bitter fluid that helps with digestion.	The patients liver isn’t producing enough bile to digest these foods properly.
129	binocular	connected to both eyes.	His short-sightedness is binocular.
130	biopsy	a test in which a tissue sample is removed and examined for the presence of a disease.	To rule out the possibility of cancer, a biopsy must be performed.
131	bladder	a sac which holds urine before it is expelled.	After the physical exam, the doctor diagnosed him with an overactive bladder.
132	bleeding	the process of losing blood.	Instructed by an EMT, Amy pressed hard on the wound until the bleeding slowed.
133	blood	the fluid that carries oxygen and other elements to the tissues and carbon dioxide away from the tissues through the heart and vascular system.	People are encouraged to donate blood once a year so that the health service always has a stock.
134	blood culture	a test performed to detect if microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi are present in the circulatory system.	Results from a blood culture can identify the type of microorganisms responsible for the infection.
135	blood pressure	the pressure of blood in the circulatory system.	She measures her blood pressure every night.
136	blood transfusion	the injection of blood taken from one person into the bloodstream of another.	The victim has lost a lot of blood and blood transfusion is necessary.
137	blood vessels	a common name for veins, arteries, and capillaries.	Strokes are most commonly caused by blocked blood vessels.
138	blood work	any of a series of tests conducted on a patients’ blood.	When the results of the blood work came back, the initial diagnosis was confirmed.
139	body mass index	a measure of body fat calculated on the basis of weight and height.	The result of his BMI count was 23.5, which meant his weight was appropriate.
140	bone marrow	soft issue inside bones which produce blood cells.	A bone marrow transplant is also known as a stem cell transplant.
141	bounceback	a patient who is readmitted to hospital after being discharged.	If a doctor gets too many bouncebacks, it raises questions over his original diagnosis.
142	bowel	the intestine.	His bowel was partially blocked so the doctor recommended waiting until it cleared before proceeding with the examination.
143	brace	an object to support a body part and hold it in the correct position after injury.	If the patient has suffered a severe head injury and there is a risk for a spinal cord injury, he or she will have to wear a neck brace.
144	braces	a set of wires worn on teeth to push them into the correct position.	I noticed gaps between my son’s teeth and I think he might need braces.
145	bradycardia	having an abnormally slow heartbeat.	He was fitted with a pacemaker to control his bradycardia.
146	bradypepsia	having abnormally slow digestion.	Some people naturally have a mild form of bradypepsia.
147	brain	the mass of nerve tissue located in the head of animals with spinal cords; it is the center of thought and controls movement.	You have to be very careful if you hit your head in case of brain damage.
148	BRCA genetic test	a test of two human genes which helps determine the risk of occurrence of breast cancer.	Because there had been cases of cancer in her family, Mary had the BRCA test done.
149	breast cancer	is a malignant tumor that starts in the cells of the mammary glands or surrounding tissue.	Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women after skin cancer.
150	breasts	soft organs of the woman which produce milk.	It is common for breasts to swell during pregnancy.
151	breech birth	a birth in which the head is not the first part of the baby to come out.	Most babies born from breech births are healthy but there is a slightly higher risk for certain problems.
152	bridge	a set of one or more false teeth.	A prosthetic replacement of one or more missing teeth is called a bridge.
153	bronchitis	an inflammation of the bronchi.	Even after bronchitis has been treated, a wet cough can last a further 2 weeks.
154	bronchoplasty	an operation to repair the bronchi.	A bronchoplasty is contraindicated for patients with angina.
155	bronchoscope	a device used for examining airways used for breathing.	The doctor inserted the bronchoscope into the patient’s nose.
156	bruise	an injured area of a surface that becomes discolored.	Seeing the dark purple bruise on her arm, her parents started to worry.
157	budgeting	planning how much money will be spent by an institution in a certain period of time.	Budgeting is one of the responsibilities of the manager.
158	bulimia	an eating disorder in which a person vomits after eating.	Girls and younger women are more at risk of bulimia.
159	bunion	a growth of bone at the base of the big toe.	Incorrect foot position while walking can cause bunions to form.
160	burn	an injury which is caused by fire, heat or a dangerous substance.	She suffered burns to her right arm and parts of her back in the accident in the laboratory.
161	burst	to break open or apart, suddenly or violently.	He was rushed into surgery after his appendix burst
162	bypass	an alternative channel from one blood vessel to another to get around a blockage.	The surgeons fitted an artificial bypass during the surgery.
163	cancer	any type of malignant growth or tumor, caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.	Smoking is a major cause of lung cancer.
164	cancerous	malignant in nature as opposed to benign.	The doctors suspected that the tumor may be cancerous and ordered a biopsy.
165	capillaries	small blood vessels.	The red lines on his cheeks and nose indicated that some of the capillaries had burst.
166	carbohydrate	fuel for the body which includes starch and sugar.	Diets rich in carbohydrate often lead to weight gain.
167	carbuncle	multiple boils on the skin.	Because of its infectious nature, a carbuncle can spread quickly.
168	carcinogenic	causing cancer.	Smoke from tobacco is known to be carcinogenic.
169	carcinoma	a cancer arising in the lining of internal organs.	Fortunately, the carcinoma was found to be benign.
170	cardiac arrest	the stopping of the heart.	Mortality rates from cardiac arrest have improved over time with updated procedures and medical equipment.
171	cardiodynia	a pain in the heart.	A cardiac exam was performed to determine the possible causes of her cardiodynia.
172	cardiologist	a doctor specialized in the study and treatment of heart disease.	The cardiologist fitted the patient with a pacemaker to control the beating of his heart.
173	cardiology	the study and treatment of heart disorders.	If you suffer from chest pains or find it difficult to breathe at times, please consult a cardiology specialist.
174	cardiomyopathy	any disorder of the heart muscle.	Proper diet and exercise are important for the prevention of cardiomyopathy.
175	cardiopulminary resuscitation	a first aid technique that can be used if someone is not breathing properly or if their heart has stopped.	A lot of first aiders learn CPR in the event of an emergency.
176	cardiopulmonary bypass	an alternative channel for blood to flow around the heart during open surgery.	Once the cardiopulmonary bypass was in place, the main surgery began.
177	cardiotonic	medicine used to improve the pumping of the heart.	The patient responded well to the cardiotonic medicine.
178	cardiovascular system	the system of organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body.	Research has shown that a glass of red wine a day can help your cardiovascular system.
179	cardioversion	using electric shocks to stabilize the heart beat.	Cardioversion is used primarily treat a fast, irregular heart rhythm.
180	carpal	related or connected to the wrist.	The human wrist is a complex joint which consists of 8 carpal bones.
181	carpal tunnel syndrome	a pinched nerve in the wrist casing severe pain.	Rates of carpal tunnel syndrome have been increasing as more and more people work with computers.
182	carpectomy	an operation to remove the wrist bone.	Proximal row carpectomy is an effective procedure in the treatment of painful arthritis.
183	carry out	to conduct, run, do (e.g. a test).	All blood tests are carried out at the local hospital as we do not have the equipment here in the surgery.
184	cartilage	flexible connective tissue found between joints.	His doctor advised him not to train for the next 3 months while the cartilage in his knee healed.
185	cast	a tough cover which protects an injured body part or a broken limb.	A broken bone will be treated with the cast unless it is very small.
186	casualty	someone who is killed or injured in an accident.	There are no reports of casualties in the accident.
187	cataract	the condition of the lens of the eye becoming cloudy.	His eye-sight worsened due to the cataract.
188	catheter	a thin tube inserted into a patient’s body in order to remove a liquid, e.g. urine.	As you will be immobilized after the surgery so unable to go to the toilet, you will have a catheter inserted.
189	caudal	near or in the direction of the lower side of the organ.	The artery enters the heart at the caudal pole.
190	cavity	a hole in a tooth caused by decay.	I went to the dentist for a check-up and he noticed two cavities that have to be filled.
191	cellulitis	inflammation of connective tissue.	Make sure you disinfect the wound to stop bacteria entering and causing cellulitis.
192	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	US agency based in Atlanta, Georgia whose main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease.	The CDC does not generally issue advisories or restrictions for travel within the United States.
193	central nervous system	the part of the nervous system comprising of the brain and the spinal cord.	Epilepsy is a potentially fatal disorder of the central nervous system.
194	cephalalgia	headache.	She is prone to cephalalgia in the winter months.
195	cephalic	of or connected to the head.	Most cephalic disorders come from a disturbance in the early development stages of the nervous system.
196	cerebellum	the area of the brain responsible for controlling movement and balance.	The cerebellum receives information from the sensory system and regulates motor movements.
197	cerebral	related to the principal and most anterior part of the brain.	It is believed that drugs like cocaine and ecstasy can cause a cerebral hemorrhage.
198	cerebral palsy	a brain disorder which results in difficulty moving.	People with cerebral palsy often attend long-term physiotherapy.
199	cerebral thrombosis	a blood clot in the brain.	Cerebral thrombosis is an unusual form of stroke as it affects younger people more than older.
200	cerebrum	the largest part of the brain, responsible for complex sensory and neural functions.	The accident caused damage to her cerebrum which resulted in a mild personality disorder.
201	cervical cancer	a cancer that develops in the tissue of the cervix.	One of the symptoms of cervical cancer is vaginal bleeding.
202	cervicitis	an inflammation of the cervix.	It is easy to confuse cervicitis with vaginitis as they share common symptoms.
203	cervix	the narrow passage at the lower end of the uterus.	Cells were collected from the cervix to perform the PAP test.
204	charge nurse	a senior nurse in charge of a ward.	New nurses are closely checked by their charge nurse to make sure they do not make any mistakes.
205	check-up	an examination performed by a doctor to make sure a patient is healthy.	Everyone should have regular check-ups at a GPs’ surgery.
206	chemistry panel	a type of blood test which provides information on the condition of your cardiovascular system.	The results of the chemical panel indicate that you may be prone to coronary artery disease.
207	chemotherapy	treatment of disease using a mixture of drugs.	After an operation to remove a cancer, chemotherapy is the first course of treatment.
208	chiropractor	a person specialized in treating mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system.	His back felt much better after the chiropractor adjusted the position of the spine.
209	chlamydia	a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium which can damage a woman’s reproductive organs.	John went to the doctor’s to test for Chlamydia after his ex-girlfriend told him that she had the disease.
210	chloasma	a temporary condition in which large brown patches form on the skin.	Pregnant women are especially susceptible to chloasma due to the hormonal changes.
211	cholesterol	a substance in the blood and cells which can cause the diseases of the heart and arteries.	As Jane’s tests had shown a high cholesterol level, she had to reduce the intake of saturated fats.
212	chondrectomy	an operation to remove cartilage.	The damaged cartilage in the wrist was removed by chondrectomy.
213	chondromalacia	the state of joint cartilage becoming softer.	Athletes commonly suffer from chondromalacia.
214	chorion	the external layer of tissue covering an unborn baby.	The chorion contributes to the formation of placenta.
215	chronic	constant, having a long duration.	She suffers from chronic migraines so she has to take a lot of time off work.
216	cicatrix	the scar of a healed wound.	Her legs had a large cicatrix on the side from a childhood operation.
217	circle the drain	to be close to death.	She was circling the drain when I left last night so I wasn’t surprised to hear she had passed away.
218	cirrhosis	the degeneration of cells within the liver.	Heavy alcohol use can cause cirrhosis of the liver.
219	clavicle	a slender bone that forms the anterior part of a shoulder.	The collarbone, whose technical name is the clavicle, goes across the top of the chest, from the shoulder to the neck.
220	clinic	a part of a hospital where outpatients come for diagnosis and treatment.	Please confirm your appointment by phone two days before coming to the clinic.
221	clinical trial	a research study using a new drug or device.	The results of the clinical trial showed a 25% decrease in relapses as compared with the older medication.
222	clips	metal tools used to close the edges of a wound.	Three clips were applied to the wound before it was sewn up.
223	clitoris	sensitive tissue on the female genitals.	The piercing on her clitoris became infected and had to be removed.
224	clot	a thick mass of liquid stuck together.	A blood clot forms to try to repair damage to a blood vessel.
225	coagulation time	the measurement of how long it takes for blood to clot.	In normal healthy blood the expected coagulation time is around 30 seconds.
226	coccyx	tailbone.	Sitting on a hard surface can result in coccyx pain.
227	cochlea	the external organ of hearing.	Her hearing problems came from a buildup of wax in the cochlea.
228	code brown	a fecal emergency, incontinence.	Most nurses dread hearing the words, “code brown”.
229	cognitive	relating to cognition or the brain.	Diet has been proven to have an effect on our cognitive processes.
230	coitus	sexual intercourse.	For many people coitus is about more than just reproduction.
231	colectomy	an operation to remove the colon or a part of it.	Infection remains the greatest risk associated with a colectomy.
232	colonoscopy	a screening test performed to check for colorectal cancer.	As our clinic is equipped with a CCD camera, our specialists can perform colonoscopy on request.
233	colorectal cancer	the development of cancer in the parts of the large intestine.	Mark has been feeling very tired lately and has lost a lot of weight, so the doctor ordered him to have the stool blood test done to eliminate the possibility of colorectal cancer.
234	colpitis	an inflammation of the vagina.	Colpitis can occur as an allergic reaction to spermicide.
235	coma	a prolonged state of deep unconsciousness.	She was in a coma for 37 days before she woke up.
236	combat	take action to reduce or prevent something.	The health service has introduced free consultations on diet to combat obesity.
237	combined type	symptoms include frequent fidgeting, interrupting people, impatience, difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.	The parents were horrified by the diagnosis of ADHD-C, but relaxed after learning it was easily treatable.
238	common cold	a normally harmless viral infection of the nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract.	The common cold spreads through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.
239	companionship	a feeling of company, friendship.	One of the advantages of retirement homes is that the residents have a lot of companionship.
240	complete blood count	a type of blood test which provides information on cells in the blood and the concentration of various proteins and minerals.	The complete blood count is a very common procedure as it provides an overview of a patient’s general health condition.
241	complications	a secondary disease or condition which aggravates an existing condition.	She was re-admitted to (the) hospital after complications set in.
242	comply with	to obey or follow a rule, order or standard.	The nurse complied with the surgeon’s instructions promptly and gave the patient the injection.
243	composure	being calm and confident.	Despite being devastated by the news, Rupert quickly regained his composure.
244	compulsion	an inner drive that causes a person to perform actions, often of a trivial and repetitive nature.	At first his compulsion to count the M&M’s seemed strange, but we all got used to it quickly.
245	concentrate	focus all one’s attention on an activity.	The boy could only concentrate while taking stimulants such as Ritalin.
246	conception	the very beginning of a pregnancy.	Pregnancy tests start to become accurate at two weeks after conception.
247	concomitant	happening or given at the same time.	Where symptoms are concomitant, it can be harder to identify the cause.
248	concussion	unconsciousness or confusion as a result of a blow to the head.	Anyone thought to be suffering from a concussion should be taken to the hospital.
249	condition	a disease, illness or injury.	This hospital treats all kinds of conditions.
250	congenital	present from birth.	The baby was born with a congenital heart defect and needed a major operation just to survive.
251	conjunctivitis	an inflammation of the eye.	Bacterial conjunctivitis is more serious than viral conjunctivitis.
252	conscious	the state of being awake and aware.	During a local anesthetic you remain fully conscious.
253	consent	permission given by a patient, normally on a signed paper.	We need your written consent, sir, to begin the treatment.
254	consequences	the results or outcomes of an action.	There are many negative consequences from drug abuse.
255	constipation	a condition in which the feces are hard and elimination from the bowels is infrequent and difficult.	If you suffer from constipation, you should try including more fiber in your diet or maybe eating prunes.
256	constricted	smaller and more narrow.	When pupils are unnaturally constricted, look for head injuries.
257	contagion	the spread of disease from one person to another by close contact.	Hospitals are optimized to prevent the spread of contagions.
258	contract	a legal agreement between two people or organizations which involves doing work for a particular amount of money.	Either party may terminate the contract with three months notice.
259	contract an illness	formally catch or acquire a sickness.	It is possible, but not likely, to contract an illness while visiting a sick relative in the hospital.
260	contraindications	something which makes a particular course of treatment unadvisable..	Most drugs contain a list of contraindications on the instructions.
261	contusion	a region of injured tissue, a bruise.	The contusion on his chest changed color from red to purple over the span of 24 hours.
262	convalescent	a person who is recovering after a serious accident or injury.	Convalescents usually prefer to be cared for at home rather than in a hospital.
263	convulsion	a sudden uncontrolled movement of the body.	It’s a rare condition where high blood pressure results in severe convulsion during pregnancy.
264	coordination	using different body parts together smoothly and efficiently.	A child playing jump rope or football needs a certain level of coordination to be successful.
265	cor pulmonale	heart disease or failure caused by a disorder of the lungs.	Cor pulmonale most commonly arises from complications from high blood pressure.
266	cornea	the transparent layer at the front of the eye.	A small stone flew up from the road and scratched his cornea.
267	Coronavirus	any one of a family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe pneumonia.	You should avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of Coronavirus.
268	corpus	the main part of the body.	The heart, kidney and lungs are all located in the corpus.
269	cortex	the external layer of an organ.	The cerebral cortex is made up of 6 layers.
270	cortisol	a hormone produced by the adrenal gland affecting metabolism.	As well as regulating metabolism, cortisol also helps control blood sugar levels.
271	cosmetic	related to the improvement of appearance.	Nowadays even young and attractive people decide to undergo cosmetic surgery to improve their looks.
272	cot	a flat board which is used for carrying patients in a horizontal position.	The paramedics carried the cot to the ambulance.
273	cough	sudden expulsion of air from the lunch accompanied by a low sound.	He developed a severe cough after his hiking trip to Alaska.
274	counseling	professional guidance given by speech.	Preventative counseling can be very effective in changing a patient’s harmful habits.
275	Covid-19	the name given to the 2019 novel coronavirus.	Current evidence on COVID-19 suggests that children are not especially at risk from severe illness.
276	cranioplasty	an operation to repair the skull.	During the cranioplasty a metal plate was inserted in the skull.
277	craniotomy	an operation on the skull.	The patient had a foreign object lodged inside his skull so a craniotomy was required.
278	cranium	the bone which encloses the brain.	All vertebrates have a bony structure called cranium, which protects the brain.
279	creative therapy	any non-standard process which focuses on the action instead of the result as a means of therapy.	Some coma clinics use color therapy as a creative therapy to try and stimulate the patients’ brains.
280	credentials	skills or experience that show one is suitable for a particular job.	Ms Hunter’s credentials as a hospital manager are very impressive.
281	crossmatch	a blood test to see if a transfusion is possible.	All of the family had a crossmatch test carried out to check for a viable donor.
282	croup	a breathing condition in children causing coughing.	It is important to keep a child suffering from croup calm as agitation can worsen the coughing.
283	crown	a type of tooth restoration that covers all or most of the natural tooth.	A crown is often a recommended solution if a tooth has been broken or is at high risk of breaking due to large fillings or cracks.
284	crutches	sticks which fit under your arms and are used to walk when your leg or foot is injured or broken.	She’s been walking on crutches for 4 weeks now and is really looking forward to the moment when her leg has fully recovered.
285	cumulation	an increase in the effect of a drug when given over a long period.	The effectiveness of the drug increased as a result of cumulation so the dose was lowered.
286	cure	relieve symptoms of a disease or illness.	There is no cure for the common cold because there are so many types and they mutate rapidly.
287	cyanosis	a bluish discoloration of skin caused by lack of oxygen.	The cyanosis on his hands and fingers probably comes from exposure to cold.
288	cyst	an abnormal sac or cavity containing liquid.	The majority of cysts are benign but it is also possible for a cyst to be malignant.
289	cystectomy	an operation to remove a cyst or bladder.	The surgeon decided that the best way forward was a radical cystectomy taking out all of the bladder.
290	cystic fibrosis	genetic gland disorder resulting in digestive and lung problems.	Although incurable, treatments for managing the symptoms of cystic fibrosis are improving over time.
291	cystitis	the inflammation of the urinary bladder.	Most cases of cystitis are caused by E.coli bacteria.
292	cystogram	an x-ray of the bladder.	As the doctor suspected reflux, he ordered a cystogram to confirm his initial diagnosis.
293	cystostomy	an operation to make an opening in the bladder.	A cystostomy was performed to collect a sample for biopsy.
294	cytogenic	producing cells.	The prostate gland is a cytogenic gland as it secretes living cells.
295	cytoid	a cell like structure.	It is easy to mistake a cytoid for a cell.
296	cytology	the study of cells.	Urine was collected so as to perform a cytology test.
297	cytoplasm	any material inside a cell.	Mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins, cytoplasm is essential for the removal of waste material from a cell.
298	debridement	surgery to remove foreign material or dead tissue from a wound.	The surgical team had to carry out debridement before they could close the wound.
299	decay	a bacterial infection which causes demineralization and destruction of the hard tissues of the teeth.	Brush your teeth after each meal to prevent tooth decay.
300	decubitus ulcers	bedsores.	Decubitus ulcers can be avoided by changing position frequently.
301	deep vein thrombosis	a venal clot normally occurring in the leg.	The largest risk of deep vein thrombosis is that the clot will move to the heart or brain.
302	defibrillator	a device to correct abnormal heart rate by means of electric shocks.	A defibrillator is commonly used in case of patients with irregular heart beats.
303	deficient	insufficient, not enough.	A lot of people take dietary supplements to compensate for vitamin deficiencies in their system.
304	deltoid	a large muscle located on the joint of the shoulder, responsible for raising the arm.	As the patient needed an intra-muscular injection, the paramedic inserted the thick needle into her deltoid muscle.
305	delusion	a belief held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary.	When his delusion became so strong that he lost touch with reality, he had to be sent to a psychiatric hospital for his own safety.
306	dementia	a state of serious emotional and mental deterioration.	It can be very distressing to see the effects of dementia on elderly relatives.
307	dental hygienist	a member of the dental team whose job involves cleaning people’s teeth and giving advice on how to care for them.	Ask your hygienist to show you the best way to brush and floss your teeth.
308	dental surgeon	a medical professional that specializes in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of the oral cavity.	The profession of a dentist can also be referred to as ‘a dental surgeon’, but this name is rarely used.
309	dental technician	a member of the dental team who constructs custom made crowns, bridges and implants.	To construct the crown, the dental technician will need a dental model.
310	dentures	a removable replacement for missing teeth.	It is suggested to use dentures if there are insufficient teeth to support a bridge.
311	departure lounge	the geriatrics ward.	Working in the departure lounge requires a lot of patience and empathy.
312	dermabrasion	the removal of scars from the skin.	Dermabrasion is not advisable for people with a darker complexion.
313	dermatitis	an inflammation of the skin.	Dermatitis is likely to occur if the skin is exposed to an irritant or allergen.
314	dermatologist	a doctor specialized in skin.	Many treatments provided by the dermatologist are considered “elective” by insurance companies.
315	dermatome	a metal tool used to cut skin for skin grafts.	The surgeon cut into the skin using a dermatome.
316	dermatoplasty	an operation to repair skin.	As she was very self-conscious of the birthmark on her face she decided to undergo dermatoplasty to cover it with a skin graft.
317	dermis	the internal layer of skin.	The dermis supplies blood to all layers of the skin.
318	detection	the process of detecting symptoms of a disease or a disorder.	An early detection of a tumor increases the chances of a successful treatment.
319	determine	to find out or find the reason.	Tests were carried out to determine the cause of his shortness of breath.
320	deviated septum	the state of the inner wall of the nose not being central.	Rectifying a deviated septum is only a minor operation.
321	devise	to create, design or invent a plan.	When devising a treatment plan, take into account the patient’s current symptoms and medical history.
322	diabetes	any of several disorders characterized by increased urine production and insulin resistance.	You have to be very careful how much sugar you eat when you have diabetes.
323	diagnose	to identify a problem or disease by considering the symptoms or performing an exam.	I went to the doctors yesterday and he diagnosed me with the flu, so I need to stay in bed for a week.
324	diagnostic equipment	tools and devices used by doctors to examine a patient and form an opinion of what is wrong.	A stethoscope and thermometer are examples of common diagnostic equipment.
325	diaphoresis	excessive sweating.	While detoxing from alcohol addiction, she experienced diaphoresis.
326	diastole	the rest period of the heart between contractions.	During diastole the aortic and pulmonary valves remain closed.
327	dietary supplement	a product containing ingredients with nutritional value, designed to compensate for a lack of this ingredient in a person’s diet.	More and more people are taking dietary supplements to ensure that they meet the recommended daily allowance of vitamins and minerals.
328	digestive system	the part of the body that stores and processes food.	The baby’s entire digestive system was damaged from drinking liquid floor cleaner.
329	digital rectal exam	a manual examination to check for problems with organs in the pelvis and lower belly, such as the prostate gland in men and the uterus in women..	To perform DRE, put on a glove, apply some lubricant on your finger and slide it into the rectum.
330	dignity	respect that people have for someone or that someone has for themselves.	Everyone wants to maintain dignity in old age.
331	dilated	more open and wider.	Dilated pupils may be the sign of drug intake.
332	dilator	a tool used for widening or stretching.	A vaginal dilator can be used to widen the vagina.
333	direct care	the care of a patient which is provided personally by a staff member.	Direct care workers need both good medical knowledge and the ability to work well with people.
334	discharge	to release from hospital, or another course of care.	He had to stay in hospital for two weeks before he was discharged.
335	discharged up	to pass away, die.	Two patients were discharged up last night so we have two free beds.
336	discontinue	to cease or stop.	You should discontinue taking the tablets if you feel any shortness of breath.
337	disinfect	to thoroughly clean so as to kill bacteria.	It is important to disinfect all surfaces to stop infection from spreading.
338	disorder	a disturbance in physical or mental health or functions.	When he was diagnosed with a mental disorder he was referred to a psychiatrist.
339	dispatcher	a person responsible for sending vehicles to the place where they are needed.	The dispatcher answered the phone and heard a weak voice saying: Please, help me.
340	dispense	to distribute, to give to.	Medications are dispensed at 08:00, 12:00 and 18:00 by the nurse on duty.
341	disseminate	spread throughout an organ or body.	It will take about 30 minutes for the drug to disseminate.
342	distal	moving away from the centre.	The radius was fractured at the distal end.
343	distended	swollen due to pressure from inside.	The stomach was distended so the swelling needed to be relieved.
344	distracted	unable to concentrate.	Sam failed the test because he was distracted by his classmates during the test.
345	diuresis	excessive urination.	The most common treatment for diuresis is an anti-diuretic pill that helps the person retain fluids.
346	diuretic	medication used to force excess water out of the body in the form of urine.	As he had difficulty urinating, he was given a diuretic.
347	dodged a bullet	avoided a danger.	The traveler really dodged a bullet when he missed the train that ended up crashing.
348	dorsal	related or connected  to the back of the body.	Poor posture and sitting for long periods can contribute to dorsal pain.
349	dosage	the amount of medicine which should be given.	Unwanted side effects may occur if the recommended daily dosage is exceeded.
350	drain	a tube which carries liquid away from your body.	We must replace the drain as it’s leaking.
351	draw	to extract, or take (such as blood from a vein).	After the nurse had drawn blood, she sent the sample for analysis.
352	drawn away from	taken.	The girl was drawn away from here homework by the sound of an ice cream truck.
353	dress	to clean a wound and cover it with a piece of cloth.	The nurse cleaned John’s arm carefully and dressed the wound gently but firmly.
354	dressings	materials applied to cover a wound for the purposes of protection.	You have to change the dressings on the cut every day to stop infection.
355	drops	a liquid medicine which is given in the form of globules.	Eye-drops are the most common medication for treating infections in the eye.
356	drowsiness	the state of feeling tired.	Thousands of drivers each year are killed because of drowsiness.
357	dull	not acute.	As it was only a dull pain, he did not take any pain killers.
358	duodenal ulcer	a sore in the first part of the small intestine.	Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and aspirin can cause a duodenal ulcer.
359	duodenum	the first part of the small intestine.	Partially digested food travels into the duodenum before being absorbed.
360	dura mater	external layer of membrane around the brain and spinal cord.	Dura mater is attached directly to the skull.
361	duritis	inflammation of the dura mater.	The doctor is unsure of the problem but is testing for duritis.
362	dysentery	infection of the intestines.	Many travelers in India report cases of abdominal pains which later prove to be dysentery.
363	dysphagia	abnormal difficulty swallowing.	Persistent dysphagia could be symptomatic of a serious medical condition requiring treatment.
364	dysphonia	difficulty in speaking.	His dysphonia was attributed to excessive shouting at a football match.
365	dyspnea	abnormal difficulty breathing.	Asthma often results in dyspnea, because the lungs are inflamed and constricted.
366	dystocia	an abnormally difficult childbirth.	After 16 hours of dystocia, the baby was successfully delivered.
367	dysuria	painful or difficult urination.	Dysuria is most often caused by a bacterial infection.
368	easily overtake	to overcome or pass without difficulty.	A sports car can easily overtake a truck on the highway.
369	eczema	an itchy skin rash.	It is possible for eczema to appear anywhere but it is most common on the elbows.
370	educate	to provide with knowledge or training in a particular area.	It is important to educate people on the dangers of smoking.
371	effective	bringing desired results.	Unfortunately, the treatment isn’t effective so we have to reexamine our diagnosis.
372	efferent	moving away from the centre.	Efferent nerves carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles to cause movement.
373	effervescence tablet	a tablet which dissolves in water giving off small bubbles.	Effervescence tablets are one of the most popular forms of vitamin supplement.
374	ejaculation	the discharge of semen at the moment of sexual climax.	Most of the time, ejaculation happens during an orgasm.
375	electrocardiogram	a test in which the electrical activity of the heart is measured to check its condition.	An ECG is performed when a patient reports symptoms of myocardial infarction.
376	electroconvulsive therapy	the treatment of certain psychotic conditions by passing an electric current through the brain to induce coma or convulsions.	Electroconvulsive therapy is usually the last resort when treating major depressive disorders.
377	elevator	a metal tool or device used for lifting tissue.	The nurse passed the surgeon an elevator and he began lifting the tissue around the wound.
378	embolus	a blockage formed by a blood clot, foreign object, or other bodily substance getting stuck in a blood vessel.	He takes anticoagulants to prevent an embolus from forming in his lungs.
379	embryology	the study of the unborn baby.	Developments in the field of embryology have resulted in advancements in artificial insemination.
380	emergency	a sudden and possibly dangerous situation which requires immediate action.	The A&E department deals with all emergencies.
381	emesis	vomiting.	He presented with emesis and abdominal pains
382	emetic	medication used to cause vomiting.	He had overdosed so was given an emetic to induce vomiting.
383	emphysema	the state of excess air collecting in deep in the lung.	Patients with stage 3 or 4 emphysema should seek medical help.
384	enamel	the hard white outer layer of teeth.	Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals.
385	endodontist	a dental professional who specializes in the treatment of root canals.	The dentist told me that the nerve had to be removed and the root would have to be filled, so I made an appointment with an endodontist.
386	endometritis	the inflammation of the interior lining of the uterus.	A diet rich in fruit, vegetables and seeds can be beneficial to women with endometritis.
387	endorphins	hormones produced by the body to stop pain.	Our body produces endorphins as a natural pain killer.
388	endoscopy	examination of the inside of the body by means of a lighted, flexible instrument.	The stomach may be examined by means of endoscopy in case of symptoms in the digestive system.
389	enema	a procedure to promote bowel movement in which liquid is injected into the rectum.	The enema has been becoming more popular as a form of cleansing.
390	en-route	on the way, in the process of travelling to a location.	We are en-route and will be there in less than 5 minutes.
391	epidemic	affecting many persons and spreading in an area in which a disease is not commonly prevalent.	The epidemic of typhoid was blamed on a polluted water source in the camp.
392	epidermal	related to the external layer of skin.	The epidermal skin layer is not sensitive to touch.
393	epidermis	the external layer of skin.	Fortunately, it was a first degree burn so only the epidermis was burnt.
394	epiglottis	a flap of cartilage which covers the windpipe when swallowing.	He required medical attention as his epiglottis had swollen and was blocking his airway.
395	epilepsy	a neurological disorder marked by unpredictable seizures.	Epilepsy can develop at any age but is more common in children.
396	epistaxis	a nosebleed.	On its own epistaxis does not require medical attention.
397	equivalent	the same or equal.	The active ingredients found in generic medicine are supposed to be equivalent to their brand name counterparts.
398	erythema	superficial reddening.	The doctor prescribed a topical cream to combat the erythema.
399	erythrocytes	oxygen carrying cells in the blood.	A deficiency in erythrocytes can cause fatigue and dizziness.
400	erythroderma	red skin.	The most common cause of erythroderma is exacerbation of an underlying skin disease.
401	establish standards	to set acceptable levels of quality of work.	The management have established higher standards of service and as a result, patient satisfaction rose to 78%.
402	etiology	the cause or set of causes.	The first specialist was unable to identify the etiology of the condition.
403	eupnea	normal breathing.	A few minutes after the medication was administered he returned to eupnea.
404	evaluate	to study something carefully before reaching a decision.	Before prescribing any medications, evaluate the patient’s symptoms thoroughly.
405	eversion	the process of turning inside out.	The patient reported intense pain during eversion of the left foot.
406	examine	to analyze, inspect or carefully study.	Before making a decision, it is important to examine all of the possibilities.
407	excretion	the process of expelling a substance from the body.	An excretion from the human body can come in one of three forms: gas, liquid and solid.
408	executive functioning	being able to store, process, and effectively use information.	Executive functions are thought to be regulated by the frontal lobes of the brain.
409	expenditure	the spending or outlay of money.	The budget for last year provided for expenditure of $1 million.
410	explanatory	intended to help you understand something else.	I found the explanatory article on the new treatment very interesting.
411	extension	the action of moving a limb to a straight position.	The damaged tendon made extension of the limb painful.
412	extract	to remove a tooth.	The cavity was so large and decay so widespread that the tooth had to be extracted.
413	extravasation	leakage of blood into tissue.	Redness and blistering are common signs that extravasation is taking place.
414	extricate	to remove from a situations – often difficult or dangerous.	It took 3 firefighters to extricate the driver from the wreck.
415	face-sheet	a form providing information to the hospital admitting a patient.	The nurse consulted the face-sheet and saw that the paramedic had already administered 5mg of the drug.
416	facility	a building which is used for a specific purpose.	All healthcare facilities are run by a state agency in this country.
417	fallopian tube	the pair of tubes in which an egg moves from the ovary to the uterus.	A blocked fallopian tube is a possible cause of female infertility.
418	family health history	information about diseases and disorders your close relatives have experienced.	A thorough family health history can help determine the risk of occurrence of any fatal diseases.
419	fatigue	physical or mental exhaustion.	People working long hours in stressful jobs are at risk of fatigue.
420	feces	waste matter expelled from the body during bowel movements.	A wide range of biological information can be gathered by studying feces.
421	femoral	related or connected connected to the thigh.	Physiotherapy is very effective in dealing with femoral nerve pain.
422	femur	a bone in the leg extending from the pelvis to the knee.	The joint between the femur and the tibia is called the knee joint.
423	fetus	an unborn baby after 9 weeks from conception.	At 12 weeks the average fetus is about the same size as a lime.
424	fibrinogen	a protein essential for blood clot formation.	After the body suffers an injury, fibrinogen converts into threads that form a net stabilizing the injury site until it is fully healed.
425	fibula	the outer bone of the lower leg.	The tibia and the fibula are joined together at their top and bottom ends.
426	fidgety	restless or uneasy.	While many people get fidgety at the dentist, people with ADHD can exhibit this behavior simply by being bored.
427	fill a prescription	to validate and supply the required items of a prescription.	I took the prescription to my local pharmacist who filled it.
428	fill out	to complete information in an official document.	It took her an hour to fill out the report.
429	filling	a mass of metal or plastic used to replace a hole in a tooth.	I have to make an appointment with my dentist because one of my fillings has fallen out.
430	first manifested	first appeared.	COVID-19 first manifested Wuhan, China in December 2019.
431	fissure	a long narrow opening in tissue or bone.	The blood vessels run through the fissure in the bone.
432	flatus	gas in or from the stomach.	He found flatus the most uncomfortable symptom of the illness.
433	flextime	a system of work in which an employee may change the time when they start or finish work.	My husband works flextime, which means he often comes back home late, when the children are already asleep.
434	flulike symptoms	patients presenting with sneezing, fever, runny nose, etc.	Flulike symptoms include: fever, runny nose, sore throat, chills, and body aches.
435	forceps	an instrument with two long narrow parts for holding things during medical operations.	Use forceps to close the blood vessel.
436	foreskin	double-layered cover on the end of the penis.	In Jewish culture, surgery to remove the foreskin is common.
437	fracture	a crack or break in the bone.	When he fell down the stairs, he suffered a fracture of the shoulder blade.
438	frequent flyer	a patient who spends a lot of time at hospital, is frequently admitted.	Everyone at the hospital knows Mary, she is a real frequent flyer.
439	frontal lobotomy	incision into the frontal lobe of the brain to sever one or more nerve tracts.	Although now viewed as barbaric, the frontal lobotomy was one of the only options available to surgeons at the time.
440	functional disability	a long term limitation resulting from an injury, condition or illness.	Although he is in good physical condition, he suffers from a mental condition which has led to his functional disability and is unable to care for himself.
441	fundraising	collecting money for a particular purpose.	Our team will help you conduct a successful fundraising campaign.
442	fungal	of or connected to fungi.	Athletes foot is a fungal infection normally treated with an over-the-counter medication.
443	fungus	spore producing organisms feeding on organic matter.	Ringworm is actually caused by a fungus, not a worm.
444	gallbladder	small sac under the liver holding bile.	He was rushed to hospital with a swollen gallbladder.
445	ganglion	an abnormal benign swelling on a tendon.	Your GP can perform aspiration of the ganglion in your wrist.
446	gastrectomy	an operation to remove the stomach or a part of it.	After a gastrectomy, it is important to follow a strict diet.
447	gastric lavage	washing out of the stomach.	He was given a gastric lavage to clean his stomach lining.
448	gastric ulcer	a sore in the stomach.	Alcohol is known to slow the healing of a gastric ulcer
449	gastritis	inflammation of the stomach.	There are many natural remedies for gastritis, such as green tea, probiotics and essential oils.
450	gastrocnemius	the largest calf muscle whose role is to extend the foot and raise the heel.	The gastrocnemius is involved in both fast actions of the leg, for example running and jumping, as well as slower activities such as walking and standing.
451	gastrodynia	abnormal pain in the stomach.	The tests ruled out organic causes of his gastrodynia.
452	gastroscope	a tool used for looking inside the stomach.	After the gastroscope had been positioned correctly, images from the stomach were shown on the TV screen.
453	gastrostomy	an operation to make an opening into the stomach.	A tube was inserted through the hole made by gastrostomy.
454	gatekeeper	an administrative doctor whose job it is to reduce costs by only admitting emergency cases, or those with suitable insurance.	As the gatekeeper, he decides who should be admitted and who should not.
455	gavage	the administration of food through a tube into the stomach.	As the infant was too under-developed to feed, he was given a gavage.
456	general practitioner	a physician who does not specialize in any particular field of medicine.	As I was feeling a bit unwell, I made an appointment with my general practitioner.
457	generic	a product which is directly comparable to a brand name but without trademark.	Generic drugs are usually much lower in cost than brand name drugs.
458	genes	nucleotides passed from the parents to a child which determine the makeup of the body and mind.	Our physical and mental characteristics are highly determined by our genes.
459	genetic material	DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses).	Some scientists believe that much of the human genome is composed of genetic material from viruses.
460	genitalia	sex organs.	A lot of patients are embarrassed about problems with their genitalia, such as impotence or venereal disease.
461	geriatrics	the study, treatment and care of old people.	Geriatrics’ main goal is to promote health in old age by preventing and treating diseases.
462	gerontologist	a doctor specialized in treating the elderly.	The demand for a good gerontologist is increasing as the population ages.
463	get hammered	to have a large number of admissions while on duty.	A&E departments usually get hammered on Friday and Saturday nights.
464	gingivitis	inflammation of the soft gum tissue and abnormal loss of bone that surrounds the teeth.	At an early stage, gingivitis is non-destructive, but in the absence of treatment it will progress to periodontitis, which is a destructive disease.
465	gland	an organ or group of cells that releases substances or waste from the body.	The thyroid gland is situated at the base of the throat.
466	glaucoma	a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball resulting in loss of sight.	Glaucoma is most often treated with eye-drops, but if untreated it can result in blindness.
467	glossitis	inflammation of the tongue.	Glossitis is often caused by nutritional deficiencies and can cause oral discomfort.
468	glucose	a simple sugar found in blood.	Diabetics need to keep an eye on their blood glucose levels.
469	glutes	large muscles in the buttocks.	Glutes’ are most powerfully used when we return to the erect position after stooping down.
470	goldbrick	a patient who demands more time than their condition deserves.	He only had a slight temperature but from the way he was complaining you would have thought he was going to die – what a goldbrick!
471	gonad	sex gland.	The female gonad is otherwise known as the ovary or egg sac.
472	gonorrhea	a bacterial infection in sex organs.	The number of reported cases of gonorrhea in the US has increased by over 75%.
473	gout	a disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis.	Rich foods and alcohol can trigger attacks of gout.
474	governing board	a board that manages affairs of an institution.	The principal governing body of the hospital is the governing board.
475	grooming	activities such as brushing ones hair, doing ones make-up and generally taking care of ones appearance.	It is a mistake to think that only female patients need help with their grooming.
476	guaiac test	test to check for blood in stool.	The advantage of the guaiac test over other stool tests is that it can identify even hidden blood.
477	gums	the soft tissue inside the oral cavity in which teeth are fixed.	Improper oral hygiene may lead to gum disease.
478	gynecology	the branch of medicine in which doctors study and treat medical conditions which affect women and their reproductive organs.	Due to high infertility rate, gynecology has become a highly sought-after specialization.
479	H1N1	virus strain responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic known as “swine flu”.	The H1N1 virus spread worldwide and has caused 18,500 laboratory-confirmed deaths.
480	had succumbed to	yielded to something they’ve tried to fight off such as   a disease.	The researchers found that after a tough struggle he had succumbed to pancreatic cancer.
481	hands-on care	tasks such as washing, dressing and feeding, performed by a nurse.	You must be very sensitive to your patient when providing hands-on care.
482	hazardous	dangerous to people’s health or safety.	These chemicals are hazardous to human health.
483	heart	the organ that controls the flow of blood in the body.	The government is running a series of public information films on the dangers of heart disease.
484	heart disease	a common name for medical conditions affecting the cardiovascular system.	In order to avoid heart disease, it is important to eat a healthy diet and take regular exercise.
485	heart murmur	sound caused by abnormal flow of blood through the heart.	By listening to the heart, the doctor detected a heart murmur.
486	hematemesis	the vomiting of blood.	Severe loss of blood from hematemesis can cause a patient to go into shock.
487	hematologist	a doctor specialized in treating disorders of the blood.	As the GP didn’t know what was wrong, he referred the patient to a hematologist.
488	hematology	the study of blood.	The complete blood count is the most common hematology test.
489	hematuria	the presence of blood in the urine.	A urine analysis was conducted when the doctor noticed hematuria.
490	hemophilia	the condition in which the ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced..	Hemophilia is an inherited condition but it can skip a generation.
491	hemorrhage	an escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel..	The injury caused a massive hemorrhage in the brain.
492	hemorrhoids	bulging veins in the rectal area.	Hemorrhoids are a common side effect of pregnancy.
493	hepatitis	inflammation of the liver.	In many cases hepatitis B is contracted through sexual contact.
494	hernia	a condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity .	Lifting heavy objects is the leading cause of getting a hernia.
495	herpes	small blisters on the skin caused by the herpesvirus.	Genital herpes is one of the most common STDs.
496	hiccups	involuntary spasms of the diaphragm.	The most common remedy for hiccups is to drink a glass of water quickly while holding your breath.
497	histology	the study of tissue using a microscope.	A lot of smaller hospitals are not equipped to conduct complex histology tests.
498	hormone	a substance produced by a gland.	The diagnosis showed that insufficient levels of the hormone were being produced.
499	hospice	a home providing care for sick, elderly or terminally ill patients.	Many terminally ill patients are given a new lease on life in hospice care.
500	host	an organism on which a parasite derives benefit such as food.	A living cell is the host in which a virus multiplies.
501	humeral	related or connected to the upper part of the arm.	The skin discoloration and pain in the patient’s arm indicated a humeral fracture.
502	humerus	the long bone in the arm running down from the shoulder to the elbow.	The humerus, which consists of three sections, connects the scapula with the bones of the lower arm.
503	hypercalcemia	the state of having too much calcium in the blood.	Mild hypercalcemia is usually asymptomatic.
504	hypercapnia	the state of having too much carbon dioxide in the blood.	Hypercapnia may be symptomatic of an underlying condition affecting your breathing and your blood.
505	hyperglycemia	the state of having too much sugar in the blood.	Frequent hunger and thirst as well as increased urination may signal hyperglycemia.
506	hyperkinesis	muscle spasm.	He suffered from mild hyperkinesis in his legs.
507	hyperplasia	an increased rate of reproduction of normal cells.	Hormonal hyperplasia occurs primarily in organs that depend on estrogen.
508	hypertension	high blood pressure.	As he suffers from hypertension, he should try to avoid stressful situations.
509	hyperthyroidism	the condition of excessive production of  thyroxine.	The doctor examined the thyroid gland to see if hyperthyroidism was present.
510	hyperventilation	the state of breathing too fast.	Try breathing slowly into a paper bag to control hyperventilation.
511	hypocalcemia	the state of having a calcium deficiency in the blood.	In mild cases of hypocalcemia there may be no symptoms.
512	hypocapnia	the state of having a deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood.	Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing.
513	hypoglycemia	the state of having a sugar deficiency in the blood.	The blood tests showed signs of hypoglycemia.
514	hypopnea	weak or slow breathing.	Hypopnea occurs more frequently while the patient is sleeping.
515	hypotension	low blood pressure.	It has been discovered that hypotension can be a hereditary condition.
516	hypoxemia	the state of having an oxygen deficiency in the blood.	Hypoexmia causes blood oxygen levels to falls which can lead to shortness of breath.
517	hypoxia	the state of having an oxygen deficiency in tissue.	Hypoxia from altitude sickness occurs gradually with symptoms including headache  and dizziness.
518	hysterectomy	an operation to remove, or partially remove, the uterus.	Most women are discharged from hospital 2-3 days after a hysterectomy.
519	identify	to recognize something and understand what it is.	The purpose of this leaflet is to help you identify pre-diabetes symptoms.
520	idiopathic	arising spontaneously and of unknown cause.	The drug was also approved to treat chronic idiopathic constipation.
521	idiosyncrasy	an unusual side effect of a drug.	No one had expected the medication to cause this idiosyncrasy.
522	ileum	the third and final part of the small intestine.	The ileum absorbs vitamin B12, which is needed to create healthy red blood cells.
523	ileus	a blockage in the intestine.	Berries, nuts and seeds should all be avoided while you have an ileus.
524	iliofemoral	related or connected  to the hip or thigh bone.	The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body.
525	ill	suffering from sickness or feeling unwell.	The woman got ill from eating sushi at a dubious restaurant in Arizona.
526	immobilize	to make a person unable to move.	If a limb is broken, immobilize it as soon as possible.
527	immune system	bodily resistance to infection and toxins.	Organs such as the thymus, bone marrow, and lymph nodes make up the immune system.
528	immunodeficiency	failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection.	An immunodeficiency can be caused by poor nutrition and bad sanitation.
529	impairment	the state of being weakened, damaged or diminished.	He spent three months recuperating after the eye surgery, but still has a slight impairment in his sight.
530	imperative	of great importance or necessity.	It is imperative that women over the age of 40 be screened for breast cancer.
531	impetigo	a skin infection.	After you take the medicine for least 24 hours, impetigo isn’t contagious anymore.
532	implant	a small titanium fixture that serves as the replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth.	An implant is placed in the jaw bone and serves as an anchor for a replacement tooth.
533	implement a procedure	to begin to use a procedure.	Those procedures must be implemented straightaway so as to increase safety in the department.
534	implied	communicated indirectly.	Sarcasm is a form of implied meaning which is often lost on young children.
535	impotent	not being able to get or maintain an erection.	His medication made him temporarily impotent.
536	impulsive	without thought or careful consideration.	Lack of sleep or proper nutrition can be a cause of temporary impulsive behavior.
537	in order to	so that something can happen.	Surgeons use a scalpel in order to cut through tissue.
538	incontinence	not being able to control bowel or bladder actions.	The elderly are predisposed to incontinence due to physiological changes.
539	incontinent	unable to control natural discharges of urine / feces.	One of the most embarrassing things for elderly patients is becoming incontinent.
540	incubation period	the period from exposure to showing symptoms of an illness.	In early 2020 the median incubation period of COVID-19 was thought to be 5 days.
541	incubator	a piece of hospital equipment in which ill or premature babies lie to be kept warm and given treatment.	As my son was born a month before he was due, he had to be placed in an incubator.
542	incurable	not able to be fixed, remedied or corrected.	Although the disease is incurable, the symptoms can be treated to maintain a good quality of life.
543	infected	under the influence of a disease-causing entity.	The man’s flesh wound got infected by the time he was home from the camping trip.
544	infectious	tending to spread from one person to another.	When you sneeze, it is important to cover your mouth as colds and flu are very infectious and other people can easily catch them.
545	inferior	toward the lower part of the body.	The ankle is inferior to the knee.
546	infertility	the state of not being able to reproduce (have children).	When Mary learnt that she suffered from infertility, she was very upset as she had always wanted to have children.
547	infirm	frail, weak – often connected to age.	She is very infirm and should not go out alone.
548	inflammation	reddening and swelling of a body part as a reaction to injury or infection.	The infection led to inflammation around the affected area.
549	influenza	highly infectious and often epidemic viral disease characterized by fever.	Each year millions of people take time off work due to influenza in the winter months.
550	informed consent	a process of obtaining permission from a patient before conducting a healthcare intervention.	In Pennsylvania, informed consent is required prior to blood transfusion.
551	inhalant	a medicinal preparation given through nose or mouth.	In case of an unexpected asthma attack, he always carries an inhalant in his backpack.
552	inject	to drive or force into.	The doctor injected a painkiller into the patient’s veins.
553	injury	damage to body suffered in an accident.	The passenger suffered minor head injuries.
554	inpatient	a person who stays in the hospital for the time of treatment.	As all the hospital wards are full, we cannot take any inpatients right now.
555	insomnia	an ongoing inability to sleep or stay asleep.	Many people are affected by insomnia at some point during their lives but for some it is a major problem.
556	insulin	the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar.	People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin.
557	intensive care unit	a ward where patients who are seriously ill are closely monitored.	He suffered from such serious injuries in the motorbike crash that he was taken to the Intensive Care Unit.
558	interact	to act or work in close relation with another.	Doctors need to interact with the nursing team to provide the best possible care for patients.
559	interaction	the process of reacting to and responding to a stimuli.	All humans need interaction as we are social creatures.
560	intermittent	not continuous or steady.	He described the pain as intermittent and burning.
561	internship	a time when a person learns a job by doing it for a particular period of time.	After graduation my father did an unpaid internship in a local hospital.
562	interpret	to understand a meaning in a particular way.	Unfortunately there are several ways to interpret test results so doctors cannot be 100% sure of the cause.
563	intestine	the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus.	As soon as food enters your small intestine, your brain receives a message saying ‘stop eating’.
564	intradermally	applied or given into the skin.	Local anesthetics are given intradermally.
565	intraocular	inside of the eye.	You can expect a slight burning sensation during an intraocular injection.
566	intravenous	within or administered into a vein.	At this hospital we do not use tablets as all painkillers are given by intravenous injection.
567	invasive	surgery involving putting something into the body or cutting into the body.	Endoscopy is less invasive than open surgery.
568	inventory	all the things stored or available in a place.	Unfortunately there are no syringes in the inventory.
569	inversion	moving or turning inside out / upside down.	Inversion of the belly button often occurs during pregnancy.
570	irritable bowel syndrome	a condition involving recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea or constipation.	Irritable bowel syndrome is a very uncomfortable condition involving alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea.
571	jaundiced	yellowish in appearance.	Sometimes poor diet can result in a jaundiced appearance, but it could also signal a problem with the kidneys.
572	jaw	the lower part of the face which includes the bottom teeth.	Disorders of the jaw joint can cause pain similar to toothache.
573	joint	a movable or fixed place or part where two bones or elements of a skeleton join.	Elderly people tend to suffer from joint pain as a result of arthritis.
574	keratin	a protein found in hair, nails and skin.	She takes keratin supplements as a remedy for her brittle hair.
575	keyhole	related to surgery performed through a small opening.	The advantages of keyhole surgery to the patient include reduced pain and hemorrhaging.
576	laceration	a deep cut or tear in the skin.	The laceration required 16 stitches.
577	lactate	to produce breast milk.	It can take a couple of days for a woman to start to lactate after childbirth.
578	lactogenic	causing the production of breast milk.	Oats and other cereals are well-known lactogenic foods.
579	laparoscopy	a surgical procedure where a tool is inserted into the abdomen.	Patients often report temporary discomfort after a laparoscopy.
580	laryngitis	inflammation of the voice box.	He wasn’t able to give his speech as his laryngitis made speaking painful.
581	laryngologist	a doctor specialized in laryngology.	Typically, your laryngologist will care for patients of all ages from early childhood through advanced years.
582	laryngoplasty	an operation to repair the voice box.	During the laryngoplasty, an implant will be inserted to push the weak vocal cord closer to the center of the voice box.
583	larynx	voice box.	The larynx is responsible for manipulating pitch and volume.
584	lateral	moving toward or having to do with the side.	The surgeon made a lateral incision along the length of the abdomen.
585	lesion	a wound or an area of the body that has been damaged through injury or disease.	You should report any lumps or skin lesions to your doctor.
586	leukemia	cancer of the white blood cells.	Leukemia is a cancer caused by an overproduction of damaged white blood cells.
587	level of consciousness test	any test which is given to establish the mental condition of a patient. e.g. GCS test.	The Glasgow Coma Score is one of the most widely used level of consciousness tests as it provides objective data.
588	liaise	to provide a means of communication between groups of people.	Ms Green is able to liaise effectively with various healthcare institutions.
589	libido	sexual desire.	A decrease in libido may be an indicator of a more serious condition.
590	ligament	flexible tissue connecting bones or cartilage.	Ligament injuries are common in athletes and can affect any joint.
591	liniment	a liquid or semi-liquid preparation which is applied directly to the skin.	Liniments are most commonly used in the treatment of bruises or sprains.
592	lipid tests	tests to measure the level of fat in the blood.	As the results of the lipid tests showed borderline high risk, the doctor recommended repeating the test every month.
593	lipids	fats.	Lipids are insoluble in water.
594	literal	exactly as it is written or spoken.	The literal meaning of a text is exactly what it says.
595	liver	an organ in the body that secretes bile to help digest carbohydrates, fats and proteins..	Three weeks after a transplant operation, the man was in the hospital again with liver failure.
596	lobe	a rounded or hanging part of something.	The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe.
597	lobectomy	an operation to remove a part of the lung.	The procedure of lobectomy is used when there is only a tumor in one section of the lung.
598	low paid nurse	a play on words with the term LPN Licensed Practical Nurse.	I’ll get one of the LPNs to give her a sponge bath, I certainly am not going to do it myself.
599	lumbar puncture	the procedure of taking fluid from the spine for testing.	Although uncommon, complications can occur from a lumbar puncture.
600	lumbar vertebrae	small bones of the spine in the lower back.	Five individual bones in the lower back form the lumbar vertebrae.
601	lungs	a pair of organs in which oxygen from the air that is inhaled is transferred into the blood.	Lung cancer is particularly common among smokers.
602	lymph node	tissue which filters germs from the blood.	Lymph nodes usually swell as a result of exposure to bacteria or viruses.
603	lymphadenitis	inflammation of the lymph nodes.	Any infection or virus, even the common cold, can cause lymphadenitis.
604	lymphoma	cancer of the lymph nodes.	There is a risk of the lymphoma spreading to the kidney and lungs.
605	macro-	large or long.	He was scheduled for surgery after the discovery of a macro-growth.
606	magnetic resonance imaging	a medical imaging technique used to produce images of internal organs.	To produce images of the body, MRI scanners use magnetic fields or radio waves.
607	maintenance	any work done in order to keep a machine in good condition and working order.	This new model requires minimal maintenance.
608	malignant	characterized by uncontrolled growth, invasive, cancerous.	If the tumor is malignant, we will have to operate.
609	mammary gland	tissue in the breast which produces milk.	The mammary gland is located in the breasts of females and is responsible for lactation.
610	mammogram	an X-ray of the breast taken in order to help a professional decide whether a lump in the breast is a gland, a cyst or a tumor.	When the mammogram result indicates the probability of cancer, biopsy is performed next.
611	mandible	the bone of the lower jaw.	The mandible is the largest and the strongest bone in the human face.
612	mastalgia	abnormal pain in the breast.	Mastalgia often accompanies menstruation and can include sharp burning pain in the breast.
613	mastectomy	an operation to remove one or both breasts, partially or completely.	As the breast cancer was spreading, she had a mastectomy.
614	maternity ward	a place for pregnant women or women who have just given birth.	The maternity ward is a place where women give birth to babies.
615	medial	moving toward or having to do with the middle.	The middle toe is located at the medial point of the foot.
616	medical history	the past and present of a patient, which may contain important information on their health.	Being an account of all medical events and problems a person has experienced, medical history enables the physician to form a diagnosis and treatment plan.
617	medication	the administration of medicine.	The nursing staff are responsible for the medication of patients.
618	melanin	the pigment in the skin, hair and eyes.	Melanin is important in preventing skin cancer.
619	melanoma	a serious cancerous growth on the skin similar in appearance to a mole.	Although the most dangerous form of skin cancer, melanoma can still be treated.
620	meningitis	an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain or spinal cord, caused by infection.	At first the doctor didn’t know what he had contracted, but after running several tests, they discovered it was viral meningitis.
621	menopause	the period in a woman’s life when menstruation stops.	Many women experience depression during menopause.
622	menstrual period	the time of menstruation.	The regular menstrual period is 28 days long.
623	micro-	small or delicate.	There were several micro-fractures in the collar bone.
624	microscopic	not visible with naked eye.	Protozoa are microscopic, amoeba-like organisms that live in liquid.
625	micturate	urinate.	He claimed that he felt a burning sensation when he needed to micturate.
626	Middle East Respiratory Syndrome	a viral respiratory illness first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012.	Since September 2012, there have been more than 850 MERS deaths recorded around the world.
627	midwife	a nurse who is qualified to deliver babies.	In the USA, most midwives are women.
628	migraine	a severe headache.	She is suffering from a migraine so she decided not to attend the rock concert.
629	miniscule amount of	extremely small number of something.	A minuscule amount of rat excrement is found in common foods such as chocolate or peanut butter.
630	miotics	substances which constricts the pupil.	Miotics are often used to reduce pressure in the eye.
631	miscarriage	a pregnancy that ends on its own, within the first 20 weeks of gestation.	She attended therapy after the miscarriage.
632	mitigate	to take action in order to reduce harmful effects of something.	The inter-departmental meeting was held so as to mitigate the conflict which had arisen.
633	mitral valve	two tapered folds between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart that regulate the flow of blood.	The man’s mitral valve was leaking backward into his atrium.
634	monitor	to check constantly on a certain condition or action.	This machine monitors patients’ heart rates and emits a beeping sound if there is anything out of the ordinary.
635	mood	emotions and feelings.	Proper diet and regular exercise can improve the mood of children and adults regardless of whether they have ADHD.
636	mood stabilizers	a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by intense and sustained mood shifts.	Jane would become extremely sad if she didn’t take her mood stabilizers.
637	mortality rate	a measure of the number of deaths per unit of time.	Given enough time, the mortality rate in humans is 100%.
638	motility	having the ability to move.	The swelling in his knee seriously affected his motility.
639	mucus	slimy fluid.	Dry air can irritate the nose and throat causing more mucus to be produced.
640	multiply	increase in quantity.	Mammals multiply by means of sexual reproduction.
641	muscular system	the term for all the muscles of the body collectively.	The muscular system’s functions include the body movement, posture maintenance and blood circulation.
642	mutate	change or adapt in nature.	Viruses sometimes mutate and grow resistant to vaccines.
643	myasthenia	weakness of the muscle.	Many serious conditions exhibit myasthenia as a symptom.
644	mydriatics	substances that dilate the pupil.	Mydriatics such as tropicamide are used by doctors to examine the pupil.
645	myeloma	a blood cancer arising from damaged plasma cells.	The specialist discussed methods of slowing the myeloma.
646	myocardium	the muscular tissue of the heart.	Oxygen rich blood is pumped around the body by contraction of the myocardium.
647	myometritis	the inflammation of the uterus.	A course of intravenous antibiotics was administered to treat the myometritis.
648	myopathy	a disease of muscle tissue.	The goals of myopathy treatment are to slow progression of the disease and relieve symptoms.
649	myopia	the state of being short-sighted or near-sighted.	Myopia, also known as near-sightedness, is the most common vision impairment.
650	myoplasty	an operation to repair a muscle.	The wall of the man’s chest was reconstructed using myoplasty.
651	nasal	relating to the nose.	When they examined the boy, they realized he had a small plastic car stuck in his nasal cavity.
652	nasogastric intubation	the process of inserting a plastic tube through the nose and into the stomach.	The paramedic had to perform a nasogastric intubation to administer the activated charcoal.
653	natal	of or connected to childbirth.	During the consultation, the doctor explained the possible natal complications.
654	nausea	a feeling of sickness that makes the person want to vomit.	People often suffer from nausea when traveling, especially by boat.
655	necrosis	the death of cells in skin or tissue.	The homeless man suffered necrosis from frostbite.
656	need be concerned about	worrisome, troubling.	Lung cancer is definitely something tobacco smokers need be concerned about.
657	neonatal	related to the period after birth, especially the first 4 weeks after birth.	When a baby is born prematurely, it is taken care of in a neonatal unit.
658	neoplasm	an abnormal new growth.	A neoplasm can be either benign or malignant so should be investigated.
659	nephrectomy	an operation to remove a kidney.	Strenuous activity should be avoided for 6 weeks following a nephrectomy.
660	nephritis	inflammation of the kidney.	Although nephritis is not always curable, proper treatment can protect the kidneys.
661	nephrologist	a doctor specialized in treating the kidneys.	The nephrologist diagnosed the patient with kidney failure and recommended immediate surgery.
662	nephroma	an abnormal growth in the kidney.	Surgery is often the treatment of choice for nephroma because it leads to the best outcomes.
663	nerve	fiber forming part of a system that conveys impulses of sensation, motion, between the brain or spinal cord and other parts of the body.	The main aim of this surgery is to relieve the pressure on the trapped nerve.
664	neuralgia	pain in the nerves.	She experienced severe pain in her face from neuralgia
665	neuritis	the inflammation of a nerve.	Pain and temporary vision loss in one eye are common symptoms of optic neuritis.
666	neuroid	resembling a nerve or nerve tissue.	The growth was neuroid in appearance.
667	neurology	a specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.	If you want to specialize in neurology, you need to be knowledgeable about the brain, the spinal cord and the nerves.
668	neuroma	an abnormal growth made of nerve tissue.	The MRI confirmed the presence of a neuroma in the ball of her foot.
669	neuropathy	disease or dysfunction of one or more peripheral nerves.	After neuropathy has developed, few kinds are completely curable, but early treatment can manage symptoms.
670	neuroplasty	an operation to repair a nerve.	Neuroplasty is recommended for patients with nerve irritation due to epidural adhesion after spine surgery
671	neurosis	an emotional or mental disorder.	She spoke with a therapist about her neurosis of chronic anxiety.
672	neurosurgery	the area of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system.	Diagnostic methods used in neurosurgery include computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
673	nevus	a birthmark or mole on the skin.	He underwent cosmetic surgery to remove the nevus on his face.
674	new strain	a new breed, stock, or variety of something.	A new strain of virus can be immune to treatment.
675	noctor	a junior nurse who thinks they are a doctor.	One of the most annoying things for doctors is dealing with noctors who think they know more than the doctor does.
676	nucleus	the centre of a cell.	The nucleus of a cell contains the cell’s entire genome.
677	numb	without the physical sensation of touch.	His hands were numb from the cold.
678	obesity	the condition of being too overweight.	About 12% of the male population suffers from heart disease caused indirectly by obesity.
679	obsessive compulsive disorder	a mental condition characterized by persistent, intrusive, and senseless thoughts (obsessions) to perform repetitive behaviors	The main sign that he was suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder, was his need to wash his hands three times after going to the toilet.
680	obstetrician	a doctor specialized in delivering babies and taking care of pregnant women.	The obstetrician was called on to deliver the birth as it was too complicated for the midwife.
681	occlude	stop, close or obstruct an opening.	The surgery to occlude the artery was successful.
682	oculus dexter	the right eye.	The results of the eye test showed that the problem was with the oculus dexter.
683	oculus sinister	the left eye.	The oculus sinister is usually the dominant eye in left-handed people.
684	oncogenic	causing the development of tumors.	Viruses which are suspected of causing cancers are referred to as oncogenic cancers.
685	oncologist	a doctor specialized in treating cancer.	An oncologist often is the main health care provider for someone who has cancer.
686	oncology	the field of medicine concerned with the study, treatment of prevention of cancer.	After noticing an abnormal spot, lump or ulcer on your skin, contact the nearest oncology unit immediately.
687	operating room	a hospital room with special equipment where surgeries are performed.	Madam, your husband is currently being operated on in the second floor operating room.
688	operation	a medical procedure intended to treat or further investigate a patient’s illness or condition.	In the case of the injury of internal organs, surgeons have to perform an operation on the patient.
689	optic nerve	the nerve carrying visual information from the eye to the brain.	The patient was blinded after his optic nerve was severed in a car accident.
690	optometer	a tool used to perform eye examinations.	By changing the lenses on the optometer you can determine the patients eye-sight.
691	optometry	the study of the eye.	New technologies are dramatically changing the field of optometry and allowing more people to see better.
692	oral	connected with the mouth.	The interface between medicine and dentistry is called oral medicine.
693	oral administration	administered by mouth.	These are suppositories and must not be taken by oral administration.
694	orally	done, taken or administered through the mouth.	Pills and tablets are usually taken orally.
695	organism	an individual life form.	The study found that crawfish, frogs, and other organisms had been destroyed over a large area of the estuary.
696	organs	a self-contained part of the body responsible for a unique function.	There are five vital organs in the human body: the brain, heart, kidneys, liver and lungs.
697	orthodontist	a dentistry professional who straightens teeth.	Consult an orthodontist if your teeth are crooked or there are gaps between them.
698	orthopedic surgeon	a medical professional who deals with the treatment of injuries of bones.	After consulting the orthopedic surgeon, Mr Jones felt much happier about the proposed procedure.
699	orthopedics	the study of bones and joints.	Historically, orthopedics was dominated by men due to the physical demands of the job.
700	orthopedist	a doctor specialized in treating disorders of the bones.	He saw an orthopedist after the fall to ascertain the extent of the injuries.
701	osteoarthritis	a condition in which joints become stiff and painful.	Obesity increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis.
702	osteoclasis	an operation to break a bone.	The deformation in the bone caused problems walking so osteoclasis was used to fracture and correct the shape of it.
703	osteocytes	bone cells.	Stress on bones is dealt with by osteocytes.
704	osteomalacia	the softening of bones.	Both vitamin D and calcium can have beneficial effects in the treatment of osteomalacia.
705	osteoplasty	an operation to repair a bone.	Osteoplasty can be used to relieve pain from bone disease.
706	osteoporosis	a bone weakening disease.	Many senior citizens need hip replacements as a result of osteoporosis.
707	otherwise	You should go to the doctor otherwise the infection may get worse.	You should go to the doctor otherwise the infection may get worse.
708	otitis	the inflammation of the ear.	Otitis is a common condition affecting children who spend too much time swimming.
709	otology	the study of the ears and hearing.	His research in otology led to finding a cure for certain kinds of deafness.
710	otoscope	a tool used to look inside the ear.	The doctor looked into the ear using an otoscope.
711	outbreak	a sudden occurrence of an illness.	Doctors have warned travelers of an outbreak of malaria in the area.
712	outcome	a result, effect.	The family waited nervously before the doctor gave them the outcome of the tests.
713	outpatient	a person who does not stay in the hospital but comes to a clinic or surgery for a treatment.	The neurology clinic is attended by a lot of outpatients suffering from nervous system disorders.
714	ovaries	female reproductive organs.	A woman’s ovaries shrink over time, leading to decreased fertility.
715	oversee	to watch how work is done so as to make sure it is done correctly.	It is not my duty to oversee the whole department.
716	over-the-counter	without a doctors’ prescription but within the law.	A lot of over-the-counter medicines can now be bought online.
717	ovum	the female sex cell or egg.	A mature ovum is released from ovaries every 28 days.
718	oximeter	a device used to test the oxygen level in blood.	The oximeter showed a lack of oxygen in the blood.
719	pacemaker	a device inserted under the skin to control the heart rate.	Implanting a pacemaker is a now considered a minor surgical procedure.
720	palate	the top of the mouth.	He burned his palate while eating hot pizza.
721	palatoplasty	an operation to repair the top of the mouth.	Laser-assisted palatoplasty can be used to stop snoring.
722	palliative care	medical care which does not provide a cure for a disease, but reduces its severity or slows its progress.	Patients suffering from fatal diseases often require palliative care.
723	pallor	an unusually pale appearance of the skin.	The pallor of his skin indicated a potential kidney problem.
724	palmar	of or connected to the hand or palm.	The palmar surface displayed unusual sensitivity to heat.
725	pancreas	this organ both regulates insulin and secretes enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids .	Pancreatic cancer is any cancer where malignant cells originated in tissues forming the pancreas.
726	pandemic	prevalent over a whole country or the world.	Life expectancy statistics from 1918 may have been skewed by an influenza pandemic.
727	panic attack	an episode of acute and disabling anxiety associated with such physical symptoms as hyperventilation and sweating.	Having a panic attack while driving can result in the complete loss of control of the vehicle.
728	Pap test	a test for cervical cancer which involves the microscopic examination of cells collected from the cervix.	Most women aged 21-65 should have pap test performed as part of routine health care.
729	paralysis	the loss of ability to move or feel in a specific limb or region.	He was delighted when he heard that the paralysis would pass quickly.
730	paramedic	an EMT who has passed the 2nd grade of training.	He started as an EMT basic but after training and passing his final exam he is now a paramedic.
731	paresis	partial paralysis or muscle weakness.	The surgeon said that the paresis would subside in a few days.
732	paroxysm	a sudden attack of a disease.	His paroxysm of coughing hindered his breathing.
733	participate	be involved in.	2,000 patients will participate in the study of ADHD in adults.
734	parturition	the action of childbirth.	The weeks following parturition can be difficult for new mothers.
735	patch test	an allergy test relying on placing a series of allergens on the skin.	A patch test can help diagnose multiple allergies at one time.
736	patella	the kneecap.	A splint was placed over the patella to immobilize it while it healed.
737	pathogenic	causing disease.	Bacteria can be either harmless or pathogenic.
738	pathologist	a doctor specialized in studying changes in the body caused by disease.	Blood tests carried out by the pathologist confirmed the initial diagnosis.
739	pathology	the study of changes in the body caused by disease.	His interest in pathology started in medical school when his father died of heart disease.
740	pediculosis	an infection of small bugs, lice.	Head lice are the most common form of pediculosis.
741	peers	people of the same age and social class.	A child with ADHD often has a hard time making friends with his peers.
742	pelvic bone	the hip bone.	Women normally have a larger pelvic bone than men to aid in childbirth.
743	pelvis	the bones below the abdomen that support the lower back and are connected to the bones of the leg.	Recently there have been significant successes in operations for dislocation and fracture of the pelvis.
744	penicillin	a naturally produced antibiotic.	Discovered in 1928, penicillin is still used today to treat infection.
745	peptic ulcers	sores on the stomach lining.	Peptic ulcers, while not serious, can be very painful.
746	percussion	the action of tapping the body and listening to the sound produced as a method of diagnosis.	The doctor performed percussion on the rib cage and listened to the sound.
747	percutaneous	through the skin.	Percutaneous medication such as creams and lotions are used widely in skin treatments.
748	pericardium	the membrane enclosing the heart and the roots several blood vessels.	An inflamed pericardium will cause chest pain.
749	perineum	the area between the anus and the vulva or scrotum.	During childbirth it is common for the perineum to tear.
750	pharmacology	the science of dealing with the preparation and effects of drugs.	In order to work as a pharmacist you have to study pharmacology.
751	pharmacy	a place where drugs and medicines are prepared and sold.	Go to the pharmacy to replenish the stock of barbiturates.
752	pharyngitis	a sore throat.	A lot of people do not seek treatment for pharyngitis, as it tends to clear up on its own.
753	pharynx	the cavity behind the nose and the mouth.	Getting food stuck in the pharynx can cause tissue irritation.
754	phlebotomy	the removal of blood using a needle.	A blood sample was taken using phlebotomy.
755	phobia	an abnormal intense and irrational fear of a given situation, organism, or object.	As a result of his phobia of crowds, John refused to go to the supermarket and did all his shopping online.
756	photophobia	extreme sensitivity to light.	He wears dark glasses because of his photophobia.
757	phrenic	related or connected to the mind or the diaphragm.	The phrenic nerves contain motor and sensory nerve fibers.
758	physiotherapy	the treatment of injuries by doing special exercises.	Physiotherapy is recommended after any kind of back injury.
759	pituitary gland	a hormone producing gland located under the brain.	Trauma may cause your pituitary gland to stop producing enough of one or more of its hormones.
760	placebo	a medicine with no physiological effect.	He was given sugar tablets as a placebo.
761	plasma	the colorless, fluid part of blood.	Plasma transfusions are used to replace blood proteins and prevent bleeding.
762	platelet	a cell fragment found in blood that helps with clotting.	A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood.
763	play a role in	have an active part in.	Weather and social conditions can both play a role in the spreading of a virus.
764	pleura	thin tissue covering the interior walls of the chest and the exterior of the lungs.	The pleura aids the lungs in breathing by providing lubrication and cushioning.
765	pleural effusion	excess liquid in the chest.	After the pleural effusion was drained, the patient showed signs of improvement.
766	pleuropexy	an operation to repair the film covering the lungs.	As the lung membrane was damaged, a pleuropexy was performed to repair it.
767	pneumonectomy	an operation to remove a lung.	After her pneumonectomy, she had to give up her running career.
768	pneumonia	the inflammation of the lungs.	Flu can lead to more serious conditions like pneumonia.
769	podiatrist	a doctor specializing in problems and diseases of the foot.	The podiatrist recommended insoles in the left shoe to alter the position of the foot.
770	poisoning	an illness which is caused by eating, drinking and breathing a dangerous substance.	Call emergency services immediately in case of any suspicion of mushroom poisoning.
771	policy	a set of actions agreed by an institution.	Healthcare policy can affect both the providers of health services and patients.
772	polio	an acute viral disease affecting children and young adults often resulting in paralysis.	In the 1920’s polio was one of the most common diseases, but today it is very rare.
773	polyarteritis	the inflammation of many arteries at once.	Polyarteritis is a rare disease resulting from blood vessel inflammation.
774	polydipsia	excessive thirst.	Polydipsia is often the initial indicator of diabetes.
775	polyp	a growth which protrudes from the tissue.	If a polyp is small and asymptomatic, it may disappear on its own.
776	polypectomy	an operation to remove a polyp.	In most cases a polypectomy is a pre-emptive surgery to prevent the possibility of polyps becoming cancerous.
777	pons	the area of the brain through which the two sides communicate.	The pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain.
778	posterior	related or connected to the back of the body.	The posterior of his legs were covered in an itchy rash.
779	postictal	occurring after a seizure.	The altered state of consciousness after a seizure, known as the postictal state, lasts up to 30 minutes.
780	post-traumatic stress disorder	a disorder that occurs among survivors of severe environmental stress such as a tornado, an airplane crash, or military combat.	Thousands of soldiers returning from the Gulf war suffered from post traumatic stress disorder so badly that it was impossible for them to go back to a normal life.
781	predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type	symptoms includes frequent fidgeting, interrupting people, impatience.	Everyone thought the boy was intentionally annoying, but he just had ADHD-HI.
782	predominantly inattentive type	symptoms include difficulty focusing, finishing tasks, and following instructions.	At first the girl’s teachers thought she smart but was lazy, but she then they realized she had ADHD-PI.
783	pre-existing	something which already was already before.	Most insurance policies do not allow for treatment of pre-existing conditions.
784	preictal	occurring before a seizure.	People who experience a preictal stage can use it as a warning to prepare for the seizure.
785	premature infant	a child born before full development and weighing less than 5.5 pounds.	The premature infant required careful supervision.
786	pre-operation care	health care and procedures before a surgical operation.	Pre-operation care is usually provided by a nurse.
787	prepping	the act of preparing for something.	When the nurse had finished prepping the patient, the surgery began.
788	prescribe	to recommend and give official permission for a course of treatment.	My doctor prescribed a course of antibiotics to stop infection.
789	prioritize	to give priority, importance to.	It can be emotionally difficult to prioritize patients as each of them need help.
790	proctology	the study of rectal and anal disorders.	The proctology ward is fully equipped with all modern diagnostic machines.
791	prognosis	the likely course of a medical condition.	The doctor said that the prognosis was good for a full recovery.
792	progression	the moving of something towards a more advanced state.	Disease can halt the progression of a human from childhood to adulthood.
793	prone	lying flat with face downwards.	The patient was prone on his front awaiting the surgery.
794	prostate cancer	the development of cancer in the gland of the male reproductive system.	James had been diagnosed with prostate cancer which further contributed to his depression.
795	prostate gland	the gland which produces the fluid part of semen.	Men over the age of 45 should have their prostate gland checked for signs of cancer.
796	prosthesis	an artificial body part.	After the amputation he was fitted for a prosthesis.
797	proximal	closest to the torso.	His proximal rib was broken in the skiing accident.
798	pruritus	severe itching of the skin.	The pruritus was localized to the elbows and forearms.
799	psoriasis	a skin disease marked by red itchy patches.	Psoriasis sufferers should moisturize after washing to soothe the itching.
800	psychiatric	related to the treatment and prevention of mental illnesses.	Patients who might behave aggressively towards others are kept in closed psychiatric hospitals.
801	psychiatrist	a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.	During her time at medical university, Jane developed an interest in mental health and decided to become a psychiatrist.
802	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind.	Although most people think of LSD when talking about psychoactive drugs, it is worth remembering that they can play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses.
803	psychogenic	originating from the mind.	It appeared that the symptoms were psychogenic and not based on any physical problem.
804	psychologist	a person trained and educated to perform psychological research, testing, and therapy.	John had been seeing his psychologist for several years before he realized the cause of his anxiety.
805	psychotherapy	treatment of mental disorders and behavioral disturbances using verbal and nonverbal communication.	Some people don’t see the value of psychotherapy, because they think that just talking about feelings cannot help a patient.
806	puberty	the period during which sex organs develop.	Puberty or adolescence can be a very difficult period of intense change in a young persons life.
807	puerperal	immediately after childbirth.	Puerperal psychosis is a severe mental illness which can include symptoms such as depression, confusion and hallucinations.
808	puerperium	the period of between 3 to 6 weeks after childbirth.	During the puerperium physiological changes to the mother’s body that occurred in pregnancy revert back to normal.
809	pulmonary	of or connected to the lungs.	The child was born with a congenital pulmonary malformation.
810	pulmonary embolism	a blood clot in the lungs.	Patients with a high likelihood of pulmonary embolisms should undergo diagnostic imaging.
811	pulmonary neoplasm	a tumor in the lungs.	A biopsy was taken to confirm the malignancy of the pulmonary neoplasm.
812	pulse	the regular movement of blood which is pumped round the body by the heart.	The paramedic rushed to take her pulse but unfortunately felt nothing.
813	pupil	the opening in the center of the eye which lets light in.	John’s pupils were contracted by the bright sunlight.
814	puppies	interns or residents.	All puppies should be present for rounds at 8am.
815	purpura	a rash of purple spots caused by internal bleeding.	Purpura commonly affects aging skin.
816	pustule	a small blister of pimple containing pus.	She squeezed the pustule and pus came out.
817	pyelogram	an x-ray of the kidney.	Caution should be used when giving a pyelogram to patients with infected urine.
818	pyuria	the presence of pus in the urine.	If you experience pyuria, you should contact your GP.
819	radiography	obtaining film records of internal structures of the body.	Medical radiography is done using X-rays which pass through the body and act on a special film.
820	radiotherapy	the treatment of disease using radiation.	In most cases radiotherapy is used as the second stage of treatment.
821	radius	the bone in the forearm located on the side of the thumb.	There are two bones in the forearm, the straighter and more slender one being the radius.
822	rapport	a relationship in which people like, understand and respect each other.	Ms Bragwish is known for developing excellent rapport with her patients.
823	rash	any red eruption of the skin .	The symptoms include a red, itchy rash where the substance was in contact with the skin.
824	reconstructive surgery	surgery aimed at restoring the form and function of the body.	Many victims of serious traffic accidents undergo reconstructive surgery of the face.
825	record	to document and save something that has happened.	The ECG machine records electrical impulses coming from the patient’s body.
826	records	information written on paper or stored on computer to be used later on.	The hospital maintains records about patients’ conditions on the main server.
827	recruitment	the process of looking for new employees.	It is the HR department that is responsible for the recruitment process here.
828	red blood cells	cells in the blood which carry oxygen.	Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are cells that circulate in the blood carrying oxygen around the body.
829	regimen	a prescribed course of medical treatment.	It is important to finish the regimen of antibiotics.
830	rehabilitation	the act of restoring to good health or good condition.	Patients can become very frustrated during the rehabilitation process.
831	remediate	to correct or make right.	Insulin is used to remediate blood sugar levels.
832	remission	a reduction of disease or pain.	While in partial remission, you may be able to take a break from treatment.
833	renal	related or connected to the kidney.	Kidney stones often lead to renal colic, a horrible pain that occurs when stones block part of the urinary tract.
834	renal biopsy	an operation to remove a piece of the kidney to be studied.	As the doctor suspected kidney damage, a renal biopsy was taken for analysis.
835	renal calculi	kidney stones.	The renal calculi didn’t respond to shock treatment so he had to wait until he passed them naturally.
836	renal transplant	kidney transplant.	He was on the waiting list for a renal transplant for 3 months before a donor was found.
837	renogram	an x-ray to check kidney function by measuring the speed a dye passes through the kidney.	The results of the renogram showed that kidney function was normal.
838	reproduction	the production of offspring by sexual intercourse.	It is important for youths to be educated on reproduction.
839	residential care	long-term care given to patients in a ‘home’ setting.	A lot of elderly people who cannot live comfortably on their own make use of residential care, where a nurse comes to their house.
840	respiratory system	the set of organs that allows a person to breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.	The program is designed for people with respiratory system troubles, such as asthma.
841	respite care	short-term care given to patients who cannot be cared for by family.	As her family live in Australia, Susan spent two weeks in respite care after her operation.
842	respond to	to react favorably to.	His body is responding to the treatment so he is no longer in critical condition.
843	response	a reaction of an organism in reply to a stimulus.	As there was no response to the first course of medication, the doctor decided to try something else.
844	retinal	related or connected to a layer at the back of the eyeball that contains cells sensitive to light.	A retinal detachment is a serious problem that can cause blindness.
845	rewarding	offering or giving satisfaction.	Even though nurses salaries are quite low, a lot of nurses say that they like their job because it is rewarding.
846	rheumatic fever	an disease marked by joint pain and high temperature.	Early diagnosis is the key to preventing rheumatic fever.
847	rhinitis	the inflammation of the nose.	There is often no need for medical treatment in the case of rhinitis.
848	rhinoplasty	an operation to repair the nose.	There is a lot of controversy over minors receiving cosmetic rhinoplasty.
849	rhinorrea	runny nose.	Rhinorrea is one of the more common symptoms of the common cold and flu.
850	rib cage	an enclosure formed by the ribs, which curve around the chest to protect the lungs and heart.	The rib cage in humans consists of 24 ribs.
851	rig	an ambulance.	Most rigs have a driver and a paramedic.
852	risk factor	anything that increases the chance of getting a disease.	Intravenous drug use is a major risk factor for contracting HIV.
853	root canal	a hollow thin space inside the root of a tooth that can become infected.	Treating the nerve of a tooth is referred to as root canal treatment.
854	running a fever	suffering from a body temperature higher than normal.	As she was running a fever, I decided to keep her home from school.
855	run-sheet	a list of all events and procedures organized in a temporal order.	Remember to keep all run-sheets safe for future reference.
856	sacrum	a triangular bone in the lower back.	The sacrum is one of the strongest bones as it supports the weight of the upper body.
857	saliva	watery liquid secreted by the mouth.	One of the effects of the medicine is a reduction in saliva production.
858	sarcoma	cancer of connective tissue cells.	Stage IV sarcoma is rarely curable as it has already spread throughout the body.
859	saw	a metal tool used to cut.	The surgeon used a bone saw to cut through the bone.
860	scabies	a contagious skin disease caused by the skin mite.	Patients can use tea tree oil as an effective method of relieving the itch from scabies.
861	scalpel	a small sharp knife used by doctors during operations to cut skin & tissue.	Make sure scalpel is sterile before you begin performing a surgery.
862	scapula	a flat triangular bone that forms the back of a shoulder.	Scapula connects the upper arm bone with the collar bone, namely the humerus with the clavicle.
863	schizophrenia	any of a group of psychotic disorders usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations.	People suffering from schizophrenia often find it hard to live in the real world.
864	sciatica	pain affecting the back, hip and outside of the leg.	She takes muscle relaxants to reduce the pain from her sciatica.
865	scratch test	an allergy test relying on placing a series of allergens on the skin.	The scratch test showed an allergy to dust mites.
866	screen	to test  if someone is suffering from a particular disease.	It is possible to screen for a variety of diseases before any symptoms are present.
867	screening	a test done to check for a particular disease.	She is worried as she has discovered a lump on her breast during routine screening.
868	scrub up	to wash hands and forearms thoroughly before surgery.	Dr. Savage has been dismissed as he forgot to scrub up before operating.
869	sedation	the calming of mental excitement or physical function often by the administering of drugs.	Sedation is often needed when a patient is a danger to themselves.
870	sedative	medication used to relax a person without making them sleepy.	Drowsiness and confusion are common side effects of sedatives.
871	seizure	an electrical disturbance in the brain often causing involuntary movements.	An epileptic seizure can be controlled with the correct medication.
872	self-administer	when a patient gives a pharmacological substance to him- or herself.	John found it relatively easy to self-administer anticoagulant injection drugs.
873	self-examination	the process of checking parts of your body yourself for signs of a disease.	Regular self-examination facilitates early detection of any changes and greatly improves the likelihood of successful treatment.
874	self-prescribe	designating a medication on ones’ own without the involvement of a doctor.	Patients who self-prescribe are often at serious risk as they do not have full knowledge on the effects.
875	semen	fluid containing sperm.	An analysis of his semen showed low motility.
876	serum bilirubin	a blood test to check for liver disorder.	The doctor decided to wait for the results of the serum biilirubin.
877	Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome	a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin which first occurred in 2002 in China and killed over 750 people.	Chinese scientists traced the SARS virus to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Southern China.
878	sexually transmitted disease	any disease contracted through genital contact.	There has been a rise in the number of sexually transmitted diseases because a lot of young people don’t know the risk connected to sex.
879	share many similarities	things are mostly alike.	All mammals share many similarities including warm blood, teeth, and live birth.
880	shift	a period of work in a hospital where some people work during the day and some at night.	Does Dr Jones work the day shift tomorrow?
881	shingles	an acute infection of nerve ganglia caused by the zoster virus.	The risk of a person with shingles spreading the virus is low if the rash is covered.
882	shotgunning	ordering a wide variety of tests in the hope one of them will show what is wrong with a patient.	The doctors had no idea what was wrong with the patient so resorted to shotgunning.
883	sickle cell anemia	a hereditary condition in which there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells.	Severe sickle cell anemia can damage the heart, brain, and lungs if not treated in a timely manner.
884	side effects	a negative or detrimental effect which accompanies a drugs intended effect.	Patients often feel quite concerned when they see a long list of possible side effects.
885	skeletal system	also called skeleton, is the system of bones and connective tissues, whose main role is to support tissues and internal organs as well as to protect them.	There are four main types of skeletal systems: exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydroskeleton  and cytoskeleton.
886	slasher	a surgeon.	Slashers have a reputation of being less intelligent than other doctors, but this is rarely true.
887	sleep apnea	problems breathing while dormant.	Partners of patients with sleep apnea often complain of the sound of snoring.
888	sling	a piece of cloth to support your arm in case it’s injured.	As I have injured my wrist and have to wear a sling, I’m going to take a few days off work.
889	snare	a tool for removing tissue growth.	They caught the polyp with a snare and removed it
890	sneeze	a sudden involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth.	A sneeze is often caused by irritation of the nostrils brought about by particles of  dust, pollen, or animal dander.
891	soleus	a calf muscle located behind the gastrocnemius, which helps extend the foot forward.	Soleus is a powerful muscle that runs from the knee to the heel.
892	somatic	related or connected to the body.	It was clear that the symptoms were somatic in origin.
893	sore throat	pain or irritation of the pharynx which worsens when you swallow..	The first sign of a cold is often a sore throat which can last a few days.
894	spasm	a painful muscle contraction.	Her leg began to spasm after she suffered intense cramping.
895	specimen	a small sample or part taken to show the nature of the whole.	Blood and saliva specimens were taken and then tested.
896	spina bifida	a birth defect where the spine does not fully develop.	Treatment for movement problems can be started soon after a baby with spina bifida is born.
897	spinal cord	the thick column of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain about two thirds of the way down the backbone.	The spine supports the skeleton and protects the fragile spinal cord.
898	spirometer	a tool used to measure amount of air being inhaled and exhaled.	You should take a deep breath and blow into the spirometer.
899	spleen	an organ near the stomach that has various roles in purifying and storing the blood.	John’s spleen was removed after the accident as it had ruptured.
900	splint	a metal, plastic or wooden element placed next to a broken bone to immobilize it while it’s healing.	Before the doctor put my arm in a cast, he placed a metal splint next to it, so now my arm is so heavy!
901	sputum	a mixture of saliva and mucus.	The sputum analysis confirmed the presence of infection.
902	stabilize	to make steadier, to prevent from changing.	He is losing too much blood; we need to stabilize him before we can move him.
903	staff nurse	a qualified nurse who is either a member of the ward or working there on a temporary basis.	There are 8 staff nurses working in the accident and emergency department.
904	stenosis	the narrowing of a passageway.	Cervical stenosis is associated with reduced chance of pregnancy.
905	sterile	completely clean and without any bacteria.	Make sure the surgical equipment your team will be using is sterile.
906	sterilization	the act of killing all living germs.	Hospitals take sterilization of tools very seriously.
907	sternum	breastbone.	Fractures of the sternum are usually a result of blunt force trauma.
908	stethoscope	a tool which is used for listening to someone’s breathing or heart.	When you complain to a GP about acute cough, he or she uses a stethoscope to listen to your chest.
909	stomatitis	an inflammation inside of the mouth.	If you are suffering from stomatitis, you should avoid eating crunchy or spicy foods.
910	stool culture	a test for bacteria in feces.	After receiving confirmation of the diagnosis from the stool culture, antibiotics were prescribed to treat the infection.
911	streptococcus	a common type of spherical bacteria which can cause anything from mild throat infections to pneumonia.	The first step in treating streptococcus is to determine whether it is Group A or Group B.
912	stretcher	a type of portable bed used to carry an injured or ill person.	Stretchers are included as standard equipment for ambulances in case paramedics need to carry injured patients.
913	stye	an inflamed swelling on the eyelid.	It is not advisable to pop a stye, but rather allow it to rupture on its own.
914	subcostal	below the ribs.	The subcostal arteries are the lowest pair of branches coming from from the thoracic aorta.
915	subdural	below the external layer of the meninges.	A subdural hematoma is typically caused by severe head injury.
916	submandibular	below the lower jaw.	Submandibular intubation is an effective means to avoid tracheostomy.
917	subscapular	below the shoulder blade.	The subscapular artery is the largest branch of the axillary artery.
918	subsequently	after something else.	Many widely-accepted medical practices have subsequently been found to be useless or even dangerous.
919	supine	lying flat on the back with face upwards.	Most operations take place when the patient is in a supine position.
920	supplies	medical equipment nurses and doctors need to perform their tasks.	Supplies can be ordered directly from our website.
921	support	help or encouragement.	Dr Matthews always offers plenty of emotional support to his patients.
922	suppository	a solid mass of medicinal substance which melts when inserted into the rectum or vagina.	Suppositories are often used to treat infants for whom orally administered treatment is not an option.
923	suppress	to curb, reduce, inhibit or stop.	He was given two pain killers to suppress the headache.
924	surgery	a kind of treatment in which a doctor cuts into somebody’s body in order to remove or repair the damaged or diseased organs.	All surgeries are performed in the operating room on the second floor.
925	surgical intervention	the act of surgery or operating on a patient.	Surgical interventions have become much safer in recent years.
926	suture	a stitch used for closing a cut or wound.	Sutures are usually applied using a needle.
927	swab	a small piece of cotton used to clean an injury.	Clean the wound with a sterile swab before applying suture.
928	symptom	a characteristic sign of something, especially a physical or mental sign of an illness.	After I had described my symptoms, the doctor asked me to lay down so he could examine me.
929	syndrome	a group of symptoms which occur together.	Down syndrome is not a disease, disorder, or medical condition so does not require treatment or prevention.
930	syphilis	an infection spread by sexual contact.	When diagnosed and treated in its early stages, syphilis is easy to cure.
931	syringe	a tool which is used to inject fluid into the body or withdraw fluid from it.	The majority of doctors surgeries use disposable syringes these days.
932	tantrum	a display of severe anger and frustration.	The boy threw a temper tantrum when his mother said it was time to go home.
933	tarsal bones	ankle support system composed mainly of collagen and calcium phosphate.	The human foot consists of 7 tarsal bones.
934	task switching	changing one’s attention from one subject to another.	Efficient task switching is a major part of good executive function.
935	tendinitis	the inflammation of the tendons.	Without correct treatment, tendinitis can increase the risk of tendon rupture.
936	tendon	fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones.	The largest and strongest tendon in the human body is the Achilles tendon, which connects the heel bone to the muscles of the calf.
937	terminal	unable to be treated and resulting in death.	Hearing that the disease was terminal was a shock for John.
938	testicle	an oval organ which produces sperm.	The left testicle is usually larger than the right one.
939	tetany	intermittent muscle spasms or hyperexcitability.	Deficiencies of calcium, magnesium or potassium can cause tetany.
940	thermometer	a tool to measure temperature of the body.	Due to the toxicity of mercury, mercury thermometers were banned in EU.
941	thoracotomy	an operation to cut into the chest.	He has a large scar across his chest from the thoractomy.
942	thorax	chest.	He had been experiencing pain in his thorax so he went to the doctor.
943	thrombus	an unwanted clot formed in the vascular system which reduces the flow of blood.	Smokers have an increased risk of developing an intravascular thrombus.
944	thymoma	a tumor in the thymus tissue.	Having been diagnosed, a thymoma can be removed surgically.
945	thymus	a lymph organ located in the chest.	The thymus gland plays a vital role in the development of a healthy immune system.
946	thyroidectomy	an operation to remove all or part of the thyroid gland.	He had a thyroidectomy at the age of 8 to cure his severe hyperthyroidism.
947	tibia	the inner bone of the lower leg.	Tibia, which connects the knee with ankle bones, is commonly called the shinbone.
948	tincture	a solution of alcohol and animal, vegetable or chemical drugs.	Most herbal extracts in the form of liquids are tinctures.
949	tingling	a prickling or stinging feeling, as from cold, a sharp slap, excitement, etc.	It is estimated that more than 20 million Americans suffer from tingling hands to a greater or lesser extent.
950	tinnitus	ringing or buzzing in the ears.	Tinnitus can present as an intermittent or continuous sound in one or both ears.
951	tolerance	a decrease in the body’s response to a drug over time.	The dose of the medication had to be increased as the body developed a tolerance to it.
952	tomography	the process of generating a two-dimensional image of a section of a three-dimensional object.	In case of cancer, tomography is used to help diagnose tumors & detect abnormal growths.
953	tongue depressor	a tool used during examinations of the throat which helps keep the view open.	Now please open your mouth and I will use a tongue depressor to check your throat.
954	tonometer	a tool used for measuring pressure inside the eye.	Eye-care specialists can measure intra-ocular pressure by using a tonometer.
955	tonsil	either of a pair of oval masses of lymphoid tissue, one on each side of the throat at the back of the mouth.	When Timmy was 6 he was diagnosed with tonsillitis and had his tonsils removed.
956	topical	local, applied externally to a specific part of the body.	Topical anesthetics are used to relieve pain from sunburn, burns and insect bites
957	toxicity	the state of being toxic or poisonous.	The toxicity of the drug is only a problem in high doses.
958	trachea	the windpipe.	The paramedic made a hole in the patients trachea to perform a tracheotomy.
959	tracheoplasty	an operation to repair the windpipe.	Slide tracheoplasty is a surgical procedure to improve airflow in your child’s obstructed airway.
960	tracheostomy	an operation to make a hole from the windpipe to the outside of the neck.	The EMT did an emergency tracheostomy to allow oxygen to reach the lung.
961	transdermal	applied to the skin for absorption into the blood stream.	Nicotine patches are the most common transdermal patches in the US.
962	transdermal patches	sticky patches containing a drug which will be absorbed by the body.	Transdermal patches containing nicotine are an effective method of giving up smoking.
963	trapezius	a wide, flat muscle that covers most of the upper back and neck and is used to move the shoulder and head.	Trapezius is a superficial muscle, which means it is located on the outer side of the body/
964	traumatic	making you feel shocked and upset.	Being in a traffic accident is always a traumatic experience.
965	treadmill stress test	a test to measure heart function while exercising.	The treadmill stress test showed an irregular heartbeat .
966	treatment	medical actions and handling.	If a hospital is completely full then non-essential treatment can be delayed for hours or even days.
967	tubal ligation	an operation to seal uterine tubes to prevent pregnancy.	She decided to have the tubal ligation to prevent the possibility of further pregnancies.
968	tuberculosis	an infectious bacterial disease resulting in a serious lung disorder.	Young children are usually vaccinated against tuberculosis.
969	tumor	an internal growth of cells.	If you feel a tumor in your breast, you should contact your GP immediately.
970	turf	to get rid of a patient by referring them to another ward / team / doctor.	It is not uncommon for a problem patient to be turfed from one department to another until they are discharged.
971	ulcer	a sore or blister.	Excess stomach acid can cause a stomach ulcer.
972	ulna	the bone in the forearm on the side that is opposite to the thumb.	The ulna is situated on the same side of the arm as the little finger.
973	ultrasound	high-frequency sound waves emitted by a device, which bounce off tissues and are converted into a picture.	Ultrasound is commonly used during pregnancy to examine a fetus.
974	umbilical region	the area surrounding the naval.	Gently clean your baby’s umbilical region with a mild soap.
975	umbilicus	naval or belly button.	The umbilicus serves no function after birth.
976	unilateral	affecting only one side.	She suffers from unilateral hearing loss so you should speak into her right ear.
977	university hospital	an institution which combines the services of a hospital with the education of medical students and medical research.	Working in a university hospital is the best way for future doctors to learn and gain practical experience.
978	upper respiratory infection	a cold or flu.	Most cases of upper respiratory infection can be treated at home.
979	uremia	the accumulation of poisons in the blood after kidney failure.	Chronic kidney disease causes uremia.
980	ureter	the duct carrying urine from a kidney to the bladder.	The kidney stones passed through his ureter and into his bladder.
981	urethra	the duct carrying urine from the bladder to outside the body.	Proper hygiene is important to protect from infections of the urethra.
982	urethrocystitis	the inflammation of the urethra.	Urethrocystitis is most commonly caused by infection, although this is not always the case.
983	urinal	a plastic container for holding liquid human waste.	The nurse asked the patient to fill the urinal.
984	urinalysis	analysis of the liquid body waste.	The urinalysis showed the presence of bacteria in the urine.
985	urinary	related or connected to passing liquid waste.	The human urinary system includes the kidneys, bladder and urethra.
986	urinary retention	abnormal accumulation of liquid waste.	There are many causes of urinary retention which require medical attention.
987	urinary tract	the series of channels by which liquid waste passes.	There are many infections which can affect the urinary tract.
988	urination	the act of passing liquid waste.	During urination liquid waste passes through the urethra and outside the body.
989	urologist	a doctor specialized in treating the urinary tract.	After speaking with the urologist, it was clear that he was suffering from a UTI.
990	uterus	female organ in which an unborn baby develops.	The ultrasound showed the baby inside the uterus.
991	utilize	to use something.	Computed tomography utilizes x-rays that rotate around a patient in order to produce cross-sectional images.
992	vagina	the tube leading from the exterior of the female genitals to the cervix.	Almost 75% of women suffer from yeast infections in the vagina at some point in their lifetime.
993	vaginitis	the inflammation of the vagina.	Vaginitis can be caused by either a yeast or a bacterial infection.
994	varicose veins	enlarged veins.	Varicose veins are most common in elderly women.
995	vascular surgeon	a specialist who deals with the diseases of arteries and veins.	Vascular surgeons are trained in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system except for the heart and brain.
996	vasectomy	an operation to make a man unable to produce children.	As his wife did not want any more children, he decided to have a vasectomy.
997	vein	a blood vessel that carries depleted blood back to the heart.	After the nurse had found the vein, she gave the injection.
998	velcro	relatives or friends who stay with a patient at all times.	Other patients in the ward felt uncomfortable because of her velcro who stayed with her around the clock.
999	vena cava	the largest vein in the body.	The vena cava carries blood from the head, neck, upper chest, and arms to the heart.
1000	ventilation	the process of using a mechanical device to provide air to a patient.	The patient needed ventilation to regulate his breathing.
1001	ventilator	a machine used to help a person breathe.	The comatose boy was put on a ventilator to help keep him alive.
1002	ventral	toward the front of the body.	The ventral surfaces of the body include the chest, abdomen, and palms.
1003	ventricle	a hollow cavity in an organ.	The left ventricle is the thickest of the heart’s chambers.
1004	verrucas	contagious warts on the sole of the foot.	Verrucas are highly contagious so you should not walk barefoot in public areas if you have them.
1005	vertebra	any of the bony segments that compose the backbone.	The autopsy of the victim revealed that the death had been caused by a severe injury of the fourth cervical vertebra.
1006	viable	possible, likely to succeed.	I am not sure if this is a viable course of action.
1007	virus	a small infectious agent that uses other cells to reproduce.	Viral diseases are often harder to treat than bacterial infections.
1008	vital signs	any signs showing that a person is alive.	The primary vital signs include body temperature, blood pressure and pulse.
1009	vomit	to eject the contents of the stomach through the mouth.	Children who are under a lot of stress at school may occasionally vomit.
1010	wallet biopsy	the process of confirming a patients insurance before admission to hospital.	In corporate America, the wallet biopsy has become commonplace.
1011	ward	a large hospital room with beds for patients to stay.	Our wards have been equipped with modern life functions monitoring equipment.
1012	wheelchair	a rolling transportation device often used by someone who cannot walk.	She’s been in a wheelchair since she had her leg amputated.
1013	white blood cell	common name for a leukocyte which fights infection.	A low white blood cell count puts you at higher risk for bacterial infections.
1014	workshop	an event in which a group of professionals meet to learn about a certain topic.	The workshop on Endocrinology was really useful to our team.
1015	World Health Organization	an international agency established in 1948 by the United Nations to promote health and control communicable diseases..	The WHO is a generally neutral and trusted authority in cases of pandemics.
1016	xeroderma	extreme dryness of the skin.	Xeroderma can be aggravated by harsh soaps.
1017	X-ray	a type of radiation used to produce images that help to diagnose diseases.	He had an X-ray taken and it revealed he had broken a rib
1018	zebra	an obscure diagnosis when a more commonplace diagnosis is more likely.	Some doctors seem to overlook the obvious and arrive at zebras.